Stomach

These ingredients are often used in alternative medicine to support stomach.

• acemannanScientific

  Acemannan is the primary bioactive polysaccharide fraction of Aloe vera gel and is responsible for many of its gastroprotective effects. It stimulates mucus secretion, modulates gastric immune responses, and has anti-inflammatory properties relevant to gastric mucosal protection.

• activated charcoalScientific

  Activated charcoal adsorbs gases, toxins, and irritants in the stomach and GI tract. Clinical studies confirm it significantly reduces intestinal gas production. It is used pharmacologically for poisoning management and GI gas relief, with specific evidence for reducing hydrogen gas in the stomach and intestinal tract.

• agarScientific

  Agar forms a stable, water-absorbing gel in the stomach that occupies gastric volume and delays gastric emptying, effects confirmed in human clinical studies. It is resistant to gastric acid and peptic digestion, meaning it maintains its gel structure throughout gastric transit. This gastric behavior is the primary mechanism for agar's satiety-promoting and postprandial glucose-modulating effects.

• ajwainScientific

  Ajwain acts directly on the stomach: animal studies document anti-ulcer activity, digestive enzyme and acid stimulation, and gastroprotective antioxidant effects. A human IBS trial showed significant improvement in upper GI discomfort. Traditional Ayurvedic use for stomach complaints is the broadest documented application.

• akkermansia muciniphilaScientific

  A. muciniphila modulates gastric emptying indirectly through GLP-1 stimulation, which slows gastric motility and reduces postprandial glucose excursions. Its barrier-reinforcing activity and anti-inflammatory properties are relevant to gastric mucosal integrity. Human epidemiological data show reduced A. muciniphila in metabolic conditions partly driven by altered gastric function. Direct gastric endpoint studies are absent.

• alginic acidScientific

  The stomach is the primary site of alginic acid's clinical action: upon contact with gastric acid it forms a buoyant, viscous raft gel that floats atop gastric contents and physically prevents acid and pepsin from refluxing into the esophagus. This raft mechanism is the basis of widely used GERD treatments with extensive RCT evidence.

• allspiceScientific

  Allspice has demonstrated gastric anti-ulcer and cytoprotective activity in laboratory animals, as studied by Al-Rehaily et al. (2002). It inhibits H. pylori in vitro, modulates colonic prostaglandins, and stimulates digestive enzymes. Its use for stomach ailments is documented across virtually all traditional cultures where the plant is known.

• aloe veraScientific

  Aloe vera gel has traditional and scientific support for gastric ulcer protection and anti-inflammatory effects on the gastric mucosa. Preclinical studies show it reduces gastric ulcer index, modulates antioxidant/oxidant status, and inhibits gastric acid secretion. Mechanistic data support antiulcer activity via NLRP3/GSDMD pathway modulation.

• alpinia galangalScientific

  The stomach is A. galanga's principal pharmacological target with the strongest evidence base. Gastroprotective, anti-ulcer, antiemetic, and anti-gastritis activities are documented across in vitro, in vivo, and traditional evidence. Animal studies demonstrate reduction in gastric lesions exceeding that of omeprazole in one study.

• aniseScientific

  The stomach is the primary organ targeted by anise's gastroprotective and antispasmodic properties. RCT evidence for functional dyspepsia and preclinical evidence for gastric ulcer protection both directly involve the stomach. The ESCOP monograph and German Commission E recognize gastric indications for anise.

• appleScientific

  Apple pectin increases gastric viscosity and slows gastric emptying, contributing to satiety and reduced postprandial glycemia. Traditional use of apple in managing gastric discomfort and diarrhea is well-documented, and apple's tannins have been studied for anti-adhesion effects against Helicobacter pylori.

• apple cider vinegarScientific

  ACV's acetic acid slows gastric emptying — a clinically documented effect that underlies its postprandial glucose-lowering activity. This gastric effect has been both confirmed and complicated by evidence that it may worsen gastroparesis. Traditional use as a digestive acid supplement for hypochlorhydria is documented but not clinically validated.

• aronia melanocarpaScientific

  Aronia melanocarpa hydro-alcoholic extract demonstrated significant gastroprotective effects in a rat ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model, inhibiting injury at doses of 50–200 mg/kg through antioxidant activity and suppression of NF-κB, TNF-α, and MCP-1 signaling. Traditional use of Aronia for stomach ailments aligns with the experimental pharmacological findings.

• artichokeScientific

  Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus/scolymus) leaf extract has clinical trial evidence for functional dyspepsia and gastroprotective effects. A 6-week placebo-controlled double-blind multicentre RCT confirmed efficacy for dyspepsia. It promotes gastric motility and bile secretion, supporting stomach emptying.

• aspergillusScientific

  A. niger-derived prolyl endoprotease (AN-PEP) degrades gluten specifically within the stomach's acidic environment before it can pass to the duodenum. Randomized controlled trials have directly measured gastric gluten concentrations, demonstrating significant reductions with AN-PEP administration. This acid-stable activity distinguishes Aspergillus-derived enzymes from most other gluten-degrading supplements.

• atractylodesScientific

  Atractylodes macrocephala acts on the Stomach meridian in TCM and has documented gastroprotective preclinical pharmacology, including reduction of gastric mucosal inflammation, activity against H. pylori, regulation of gastric motility, and protection against chronic atrophic gastritis in animal models.

• bacillus clausiiScientific

  B. clausii has been specifically studied in the context of H. pylori-associated gastric disease. Two RCTs demonstrated it significantly reduces gastric side effects (diarrhea, nausea, epigastric pain) of H. pylori triple eradication therapy. B. clausii spores are uniquely resistant to gastric acid, enabling transit without loss of viability—a key pharmacokinetic property.

• bacillus coagulansScientific

  B. coagulans' spore-forming nature allows it to survive the hostile gastric acid environment of the stomach intact, germinating only in the small intestine. Clinical evidence of reduced gastric/GI indigestion symptoms, bloating, and dyspepsia from RCTs supports its relevance to stomach function.

• bananaScientific

  Banana—especially unripe varieties—exerts gastroprotective effects in the stomach through leucocyanidin-mediated enhancement of gastric mucosal thickness and promotion of re-epithelialization. Traditional use as a dietary remedy for peptic ulcer, gastritis, and dyspepsia is extensively documented. In vivo animal studies confirm dose-dependent protection against ulcer formation.

• barleyScientific

  Barley β-glucan delays gastric emptying by forming a viscous gel in the stomach, which promotes satiety, blunts postprandial blood sugar spikes, and reduces appetite. This gastric action underlies barley's effects on glycemia and appetite control confirmed in human clinical studies.

• basilScientific

  A 1999 preclinical study showed O. basilicum fixed oil provided broad gastroprotection against multiple ulcerogenic agents. Anti-inflammatory (COX/LOX inhibition) and antimicrobial properties provide mechanistic support. Traditional use for stomachache, nausea, and gastroenteritis is extensively documented across Ayurveda and folk medicine.

• berberineScientific

  Berberine, found in goldenseal and barberry, has documented antimicrobial activity against H. pylori and gastroprotective properties. It promotes healthy microbial balance in the GI tract, reduces gastric inflammation, and has been studied as an adjunct in H. pylori eradication therapy.

• betelScientific

  P. betle demonstrates antiulcerogenic and gastroprotective activity in multiple rodent models, protecting gastric mucosa via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents, notably allylpyrocatechol. Traditional use as a digestive and stomach tonic is deeply established.

• bicarbonateScientific

  The stomach is the principal site of sodium bicarbonate's immediate pharmacological action when ingested. It neutralizes hydrochloric acid in the gastric lumen, raising pH and relieving acid-mediated mucosal irritation. This is the pharmacological basis for its FDA-approved use as an OTC antacid for heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach.

• bifidobacteriumScientific

  Bifidobacterium species have high-quality evidence for multiple GI conditions including H. pylori adjunct therapy and prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. As one of the most-studied probiotic genera, Bifidobacterium contributes to GI immunological equilibrium and has documented utility as part of H. pylori eradication support protocols.

• bifidobacterium animalisScientific

  B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 exhibits excellent gastric acid and bile tolerance, enabling survival through the stomach to reach the intestine, which is a prerequisite for probiotic efficacy. Its acid tolerance mechanisms include F1F0-ATPase proton export and bile salt hydrolase activity. Clinical trials confirm viable transit of BB-12 through the gastrointestinal tract across multiple populations and formats.

• bifidobacterium bifidumScientific

  B. bifidum strain CECT 7366 demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo (murine model) activity against Helicobacter pylori, partially relieving gastric tissue damage and decreasing H. pylori pathogenicity. B. bifidum YIT 4007 shifted the stages of peptic ulcer toward milder states and restricted H. pylori infection on the gastric mucosa in patient reports. Reduced gut Bifidobacterium abundance, including B. bifidum, is significantly associated with H. pylori-related gastric ulcer and gastric cancer.

• bifidobacterium lactisScientific

  B. lactis strains are documented to survive transit through the acidic gastric environment, retaining viability and enzymatic activity. This gastric acid resistance is a prerequisite for downstream gut effects and has been confirmed through in vitro simulation and clinical pharmacokinetic work.

• bifidobacterium longumScientific

  B. longum is a well-established beneficial commensal of the gastrointestinal tract, with documented roles in reducing symptoms of IBD (including UC and Crohn's), functional gastrointestinal disorders, and intestinal dysbiosis. It enhances epithelial barrier integrity, modulates gut microbiota composition, and reduces pathogen adhesion.

• bile saltScientific

  While bile salts are not produced in or normally active within the stomach, duodenogastric reflux of bile salts into the stomach is a well-documented clinical phenomenon causing bile reflux gastritis. Bile salts disrupt the gastric mucosal barrier at low pH, contributing to mucosal injury and dyspepsia. Post-cholecystectomy patients experience altered bile flow and are particularly susceptible. Therapeutic bile acids (e.g., TUDCA at 500 mg/day) have shown reduced dyspepsia in cholecystectomized patients in clinical trials.

• black cuminScientific

  N. sativa demonstrated significant anti-H. pylori activity in clinical trials when added to standard therapy, and gastroprotective effects in experimental models. A PMC GI review confirms clinical evidence for GI symptom relief. The MDPI 2023 review covers gastroprotective effects as a confirmed property.

• black pepperScientific

  Piperine stimulates gastric HCl secretion and digestive enzyme activity, enhancing gastric digestive capacity. Traditional use as a gastric stimulant is well-documented. However, an intragastric single-dose human study also found black pepper (1.5 g) caused gastric mucosal irritation, indicating a dose-dependent dual effect.

• black teaScientific

  Black tea theaflavins have demonstrated gastroprotective effects in animal models of NSAID-induced gastric ulceration, achieving ulcer healing comparable to omeprazole via antioxidative and prostaglandin-restoring mechanisms. Traditional use of black tea for stomach upset and gastric complaints is well-documented.

• blackboard treeScientific

  A. scholaris has documented antiulcer activity in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rodent models, significantly reducing ulcer index, gastric acidity, and volume. The bark is traditionally classed as stomachic and digestive in Ayurvedic pharmacopeia and is used broadly for gastric complaints.

• broccoliScientific

  Sulforaphane from broccoli inhibits Helicobacter pylori — the bacterium responsible for peptic ulcers and the primary risk factor for gastric cancer — with effects demonstrated in human clinical studies. A clinical study showed that 70 g/day fresh broccoli sprouts reduced H. pylori infection, and sulforaphane prevents H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation.

• bromelainScientific

  Bromelain is active in the stomach's acidic environment—unlike most digestive enzymes—where it aids protein digestion and may exert anti-inflammatory effects on the gastric mucosa. It is used clinically as a digestive enzyme supplement and has evidence supporting benefit in gastritis. Its stability at low pH underpins its distinct utility compared to other proteases.

• brussel sproutsScientific

  The stomach is the primary site where I3C from Brussels sprouts is converted to DIM in the acidic environment — the most bioactive glucosinolate metabolite. Sulforaphane from related Brassica species has been studied for anti-Helicobacter pylori activity, with Brussels sprouts sharing the same glucosinolate chemistry.

• cabbageScientific

  Fresh cabbage juice contains S-methylmethionine ('vitamin U') that stimulates gastric mucus production and protects gastric epithelium. Human clinical trials from the 1940s–1950s showed fresh cabbage juice healed gastric ulcers in an average of 7.3 days versus 42 days for standard care. Animal models confirm cabbage extract raises gastric pH and reduces ulcer index.

• cabbage leafScientific

  Fresh cabbage juice has human clinical trial evidence dating to the 1940s–1950s for gastric ulcer healing. Cheney (1949, PMC) reported a mean gastric ulcer crater healing time of 7.3 days with cabbage juice vs. 42 days for standard therapy. A double-blind prison study confirmed ulcer healing with concentrated cabbage juice. The active compound 'vitamin U' (S-methylmethionine) supports gastric mucosal cell repair. Traditional use for gastritis and heartburn is extensively documented.

• caesalpinia cristaScientific

  Antiulcer activity of C. crista seeds has been formally tested in pylorus ligation and indomethacin-induced gastric lesion models in albino rats, demonstrating gastroprotective effects. Traditional Ayurvedic use for ulcers, piles, and gastric complaints is extensively documented.

• caprylic acidScientific

  Caprylic acid is used clinically as a gastric emptying test agent: when labelled (e.g., ¹³C-caprylic acid), it is incorporated into a solid meal and its breath metabolites are measured to calculate gastric emptying rate. This is an established diagnostic use. Additionally, GI discomfort on an empty stomach is a documented adverse effect, reflecting direct gastric effects.

• capsaicinoidsScientific

  Capsaicin has documented gastroprotective effects at low doses through stimulation of gastric mucosal defenses and has been studied for gastroprotection and dyspepsia. TRPV1 in gastric mucosa mediates both irritant and protective responses. Evidence spans traditional use for digestive complaints and modern clinical and mechanistic data.

• capsicumScientific

  Capsaicin has direct, clinically validated effects on the stomach, including gastroprotection against chemical and H. pylori-induced mucosal damage, reduction of NSAID-induced microbleeding, stimulation of gastric motility, and improvement of functional dyspepsia symptoms in controlled trials.

• carawayScientific

  Caraway (Carum carvi) seed extract has the strongest evidence of the traditional European digestive herbs for functional dyspepsia when used in combination with peppermint oil. The peppermint-caraway combination is among the few with 'robust scientific evidence' for upper GI conditions per a 2021 PMC narrative review.

• carrotScientific

  Carrot extracts have demonstrated gastroprotective activity in animal models of ethanol-induced gastric damage. Both aqueous and methanolic carrot extracts protected gastric mucosa, attributed to flavonoid and tannin content. Traditional use for gastritis further supports this relationship.

• caryophylleneScientific

  BCP protects the gastric mucosa from ulcer formation and H. pylori infection through antioxidant (Nrf2/HO-1), anti-inflammatory (NF-κB/iNOS), and prostaglandin-restoring mechanisms in rodent and in vitro models.

• cassia barkScientific

  A PMC molecular mechanism study (2022) specifically investigated C. cassia extract against gastric damage, demonstrating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant gastroprotective effects. TCM uses cassia bark extensively as a stomach tonic. The gastric mucosal protective evidence is primarily mechanistic/preclinical.

• cat's clawScientific

  Cat's claw has documented gastroprotective activity in preclinical studies, specifically against NSAID-induced gastritis and gastric ulcers. Traditional use for gastric ulcers is among the most consistently cited indications across Amazonian indigenous groups. The 2020 MDPI review and the 1998 Sandoval-Chacón gastric NF-κB study confirm these effects scientifically.

• cayenne pepperScientific

  Capsaicin at low doses is gastroprotective—demonstrated in an RCT of 84 volunteers showing protection against alcohol and NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage. It stimulates gastric enzyme and acid production. For functional dyspepsia, an RCT found 2.5 g/day red pepper significantly reduced epigastric pain, nausea, and bloating versus placebo.

• celeryScientific

  Animal studies consistently demonstrate celery extract protects gastric mucosa through replenishment of gastric wall mucus, reduction of oxidative stress, and suppression of basal gastric acid secretion. One study showed anti-ulcer activity comparable to famotidine. Traditional Arab and Ayurvedic medicine uses celery for stomach ailments.

• chen piScientific

  The Stomach is one of the three principal meridians targeted by Chen Pi in TCM, and scientific evidence confirms CRP's ability to increase gastric secretion, protect gastric mucosa from injury, suppress gastric NLRP3 inflammasome activity, and activate Nrf2-mediated gastroprotection.

• chlorideScientific

  Chloride is a direct biochemical constituent of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl), produced by parietal cells. It is essential for creating the acidic stomach environment necessary for protein digestion, pepsinogen activation, and defense against ingested pathogens. This is established, foundational physiology.

• chokeberryScientific

  Animal studies demonstrate chokeberry extract protects gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced and NSAID-induced ulcers, via NF-κB suppression, antioxidant activity, and prostaglandin-mediated protection. A rat model study found aronia juice effective in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers. No human gastric clinical trials have been conducted.

• cissus quadrangularisScientific

  CQ's gastroprotective and antiulcer effects are among its best-evidenced preclinical activities, with demonstrated efficacy comparable to the reference drug sucralfate in animal models. CQ strengthens the gastric mucosal barrier by increasing mucin secretion, glycoproteins, and cell proliferation, while reducing gastric acid secretion. Traditional Ayurvedic and African use for stomach ulcers and gastritis is well-documented.

• cloveScientific

  Clove and eugenol have well-documented effects on the stomach including inhibition of H. pylori, gastroprotection at low doses, increased gastric mucus secretion, and anti-inflammatory effects on gastric mucosa. A human pilot study documented benefits to gastric function.

• colostrumScientific

  Bovine colostrum's immunoglobulins and lactoferrin provide direct anti-pathogen activity in the gastric environment against organisms like H. pylori, and colostrum has been studied as a protective agent against NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury. Both oral immunoglobulins and growth factors contribute to gastric mucosal protection.

• commiphoraScientific

  Commiphora myrrh demonstrates anti-ulcer activity in gastric ulcer animal models, and traditional use for gastric disorders is documented in the EMA/HMPC monograph and multiple ethnopharmacological reviews. WBC mobilization studies in gastric ulcer rats provide mechanistic evidence.

• coptis chinensisScientific

  Coptis chinensis is a primary TCM herb for gastric conditions, with both traditional use and clinical evidence for gastric ulcers, gastritis, and H. pylori-associated stomach disorders. Berberine inhibits H. pylori and suppresses gastric inflammatory signaling.

• cranberryScientific

  Clinical trial evidence supports cranberry juice as a complementary strategy for suppressing Helicobacter pylori colonization in the stomach. H. pylori uses adhesion mechanisms that cranberry A-type PACs can inhibit. Cranberry is not curative as monotherapy but has shown significant bacterial suppression in RCTs in both adults and children.

• cucumberScientific

  Cucumber seed and fruit extracts have demonstrated antiulcer activity in animal models. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of cucumber are proposed to protect the gastric mucosa. Ayurvedic tradition consistently uses cucumber as a cooling agent that reduces gastric acidity (pitta).

• cuminScientific

  Cumin stimulates gastric secretion of digestive acids and bile via thymol and cuminaldehyde. The IBS clinical study showed improvement in symptoms including abdominal pain originating in the upper GI tract. Traditional use for dyspepsia and indigestion is extensively documented and partially supported by mechanistic data.

• curcuminScientific

  Curcumin (from turmeric) has documented gastroprotective, antiulcer, and anti-H. pylori activities supported by both preclinical and clinical studies. A systematic review of 21 clinical trials found positive effects for peptic ulcer disease and H. pylori eradication. It inhibits H+/K+ATPase, reduces gastric acid secretion, and protects the gastric mucosa.

• damianaScientific

  Preclinical anti-ulcer activity is documented for damiana, attributed to arbutin-mediated antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms. Traditional use for stomachache, dyspepsia, and gastric ulcers is widely documented. MSKCC confirms preclinical anti-ulcer effects.

• devil's clawScientific

  Devil's Claw acts directly on the stomach via its bitter iridoid glycosides, stimulating gastric acid and digestive secretions. The German Commission E and EMA formally approve it for dyspepsia, loss of appetite, and mild digestive disorders. An adult case series documented improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms including flatulence and appetite.

• dioscoreaScientific

  Dioscorea extracts demonstrate gastroprotective effects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in mice, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. TCM formally lists Shanyao (Dioscorea) for nourishing the spleen and stomach. Mucilage content may soothe gastric mucosa. No human gastric trials exist.

• EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate)Scientific

  In the stomach, EGCG initiates its metabolic transformation via gastric esterases and demonstrates protective effects against gastric mucosal inflammation and H. pylori-associated damage. It has also demonstrated antiproliferative activity against gastric cancer cells in preclinical studies.

• enicostemma littoraleScientific

  Preclinical antiulcer studies show E. littorale extract reduces gastric acidity, ulcer index, and gastric secretion volume in aspirin-, ethanol-, and pyloric ligation-induced ulcer rat models, while elevating gastric pH. Traditional use as a stomachic and antacid is also well-documented across Indian medical systems.

• fenugreekScientific

  Fenugreek's mucilaginous galactomannan coats the gastric mucosa, protecting it against acid, pepsin, and food irritants, and reducing gastric inflammation. A clinical trial found fenugreek fiber as effective as ranitidine in reducing heartburn. Fenugreek also reduces excessive gastric acid secretion and has documented anti-ulcer properties.

• ferula assafoetidaScientific

  A human RCT (PMC6129344) demonstrated clinically significant improvement in functional dyspepsia symptoms—including bloating, postprandial fullness, and nausea—with asafoetida targeting the gastroduodenal region. Gastroprotective activity in ulcer models and traditional use for stomach ailments further support this relationship.

• flowering quinceScientific

  C. speciosa triterpenoids have been studied specifically for gastroprotective effects on the stomach in rodent models of gastric ulcer, and the fruit has been clinically applied in China for peptic ulcer and gastritis. Multiple studies confirm protection of gastric mucosa via diverse molecular pathways.

• fritillaryScientific

  Antiulcer activity is a confirmed pharmacological property of Fritillaria thunbergii alkaloids in preclinical studies, indicating a pharmacological relationship with stomach/gastric mucosal health. Anti-diarrheal effects are also listed, reflecting gastrointestinal activity. Both are attributed primarily to steroidal alkaloids.

• fungal proteaseScientific

  Aspergillus-derived fungal proteases are uniquely stable at acidic gastric pH, maintaining enzymatic activity where human pepsin may be insufficient, particularly in elderly individuals or PPI users. In vitro and clinical data confirm gastric-phase proteolysis of dietary proteins and gluten peptides by fungal protease, reducing the residual protein load passing into the duodenum.

• galactosidaseScientific

  The stomach represents a physiological challenge for supplemental alpha-galactosidase because strong gastric acidity (pH <2.0) can inactivate the enzyme before it reaches the small intestine. Research has shown that food proteins, particularly soy protein, can protect enzyme activity during gastric transit. Fungal-derived (Aspergillus niger) preparations have broader pH tolerance than plant-derived forms, supporting their use as oral supplements.

• gamma oryzanolScientific

  Gamma oryzanol exerts gastroprotective effects including inhibition of gastric acid secretion, protection against stress-induced and ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, and relief of gastritis symptoms. Multiple peer-reviewed Japanese clinical and pharmacological studies from the 1970s–1980s document these effects.

• gardeniaScientific

  Gardenia jasminoides extract protects gastric mucosa against NSAID-induced injury and H. pylori-related inflammation. GFE upregulates PGE2 and MUC5AC while suppressing iNOS and NF-κB to maintain mucosal integrity. Genipin specifically inhibits gastric lesion formation, and the plant has been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for gastrointestinal protection.

• gardenia jasminoidesScientific

  Gardenia jasminoides extract demonstrated gastroprotective effects in NSAID-induced gastric ulcer and H. pylori-induced gastritis rat models by restoring mucosal protective factors and suppressing inflammatory NF-κB and iNOS signaling. Traditional TCM prescribes Fructus Gardeniae for stomach heat, nausea, and abdominal pain.

• garlicScientific

  Epidemiological and clinical data show garlic consumption inversely correlates with gastric cancer risk, and garlic demonstrates in vivo antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, the primary cause of peptic ulcers. Traditional use for stomachache and digestive disorders is extensively documented across multiple cultures.

• garlic bulbScientific

  Garlic demonstrates antibacterial activity against H. pylori—the principal gastric pathogen responsible for peptic ulcers and gastric cancer—in small human trials. Garlic oil pretreatment has been shown to attenuate gastric epithelial damage in cell culture models of peptic ulcer disease. Raw garlic can also cause gastric irritation and discomfort.

• gentian rootScientific

  The stomach is the direct primary target of gentian root's bitter reflex mechanism. Commission E, ESCOP, and EMA formally recognise gentian root as a 'bitter stomachic' that stimulates gastric HCl, pepsin, and mucin secretion. An open clinical study in 205 dyspeptic patients demonstrated 68% improvement across gastric symptoms. Animal studies directly confirmed acid-, enzyme-, and mucin-stimulating functions. Gentian is contraindicated in gastric/duodenal ulcers due to its acid-augmenting effect.

• gentiana macrophyllaScientific

  Gentiana macrophylla enters the Stomach meridian in TCM and gentiopicroside has been experimentally demonstrated to protect gastric mucosa in ethanol-induced gastric injury models. Mechanisms include antioxidant enhancement, HSP-70 upregulation, and normalization of EGF and VEGF. Bitter compounds stimulate gastric secretion, supporting digestive function.

• gingerScientific

  Ginger has robust clinical evidence for improving gastric motility and relieving functional dyspepsia. Multiple RCTs show it accelerates gastric emptying and reduces nausea. Active compounds gingerols and shogaols inhibit H. pylori growth and reduce gastric inflammatory markers.

• glucomannanScientific

  Glucomannan absorbs water at up to 50 times its own weight to form a viscous gel in the stomach, triggering stretch receptors and slowing gastric emptying. This gastric expansion is the primary mechanism for its satiety effects and underpins its FDA- and EFSA-recognized roles in postprandial glycemic control and body weight management.

• glycyrrhizinScientific

  Glycyrrhizin, the principal active compound of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), has documented anti-inflammatory, anti-H. pylori, and gastric mucosal protective effects. It is the precursor to deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) preparations used clinically for stomach and GI conditions.

• gooseberryScientific

  Amla has the strongest traditional and clinical evidence for gastric health among digestive endpoints. WebMD/NLM lists persistent heartburn as a primary clinical use. Gastroprotective activity is documented in PubMed reviews. Traditional use for gastritis, ulcers, and hyperacidity spans millennia.

• grapefruitScientific

  Naringenin from grapefruit has demonstrated gastroprotective effects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in animal models, significantly reducing gastric hemorrhage, epithelial damage, and mucosal edema via NF-κB suppression and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Human clinical data specifically on grapefruit and gastric pathology are lacking; evidence is preclinical.

• greek mountain teaScientific

  S. scardica extracts demonstrated dose-dependent gastroprotective activity equivalent to ranitidine in an acute stress ulcer rat model. The EMA formally recognizes traditional use for mild gastrointestinal discomfort. GMT's phenolic constituents exert anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects on gastric mucosa. This combines preclinical mechanistic evidence with formal EU traditional use recognition.

• green teaScientific

  Green tea polyphenols have demonstrated antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori, a primary cause of gastric ulcers and gastric cancer, in both in vitro and clinical studies. Epidemiological research has reported inverse associations between green tea consumption and stomach cancer risk. Green tea also activates intragastric antioxidants and inhibits procarcinogen formation in the gastric mucosa.

• HCLScientific

  Hydrochloric acid (HCl), supplemented as betaine HCl, is used to support gastric acid levels in individuals with hypochlorhydria. It is essential for protein digestion, activation of pepsin, protection against gastric pathogens, and absorption of micronutrients. A PMC review specifically examined its clinical use for functional hypochlorhydria.

• hedychium spicatumScientific

  Gastric ulcer protection of H. spicatum extracts has been demonstrated in a PubMed-indexed preclinical study (PMID 23284217) using histamine-induced gastric ulcer models in guinea pigs. Traditional Ayurvedic classification as a stomachic (deepana) and antispasmodic further situates the stomach as a primary target organ.

• hesperidinScientific

  Hesperidin protects gastric mucosa against ulcerogenic agents and inflammatory injury in preclinical models, primarily through its antioxidant and NF-κB-inhibitory properties. Evidence for stomach-specific effects in humans is limited to indirect anti-inflammatory data from clinical trials.

• honeyScientific

  Honey demonstrates in vitro antibacterial activity against H. pylori and inhibits its urease, relevant to H. pylori-associated gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Animal models (rat gastric ulcer) confirm manuka honey's anti-inflammatory and healing effects on gastric mucosa. Traditional use for gastric complaints spans ancient Egyptian, Greek, Ayurvedic, and Islamic medicine.

• hopsScientific

  Hops bitter acids stimulate gastric acid secretion via bitter taste receptor activation, and prenylated chalcones (xanthohumol A and D) inhibit inflammatory cytokine release in human gastric epithelial cells. Traditional use of hops as a bitter digestive tonic for the stomach is validated by both mechanistic in vitro data and ethnopharmacological records.

• indian baelScientific

  Bael fruit extracts have demonstrated gastroprotective effects in multiple rat models of gastric injury (H. pylori LPS, aspirin, ethanol), reducing gastric acid output, pepsin concentration, ulcer index, and restoring mucosal antioxidant defenses. Traditional Ayurvedic use of bael for hyperacidity and gastric disorders is well-established.

• indian sarsparillaScientific

  Gastroprotective and anti-ulcerogenic activity of H. indicus is supported by published preclinical studies in rats, including a Journal of Ethnopharmacology study on anti-ulcerogenic biochemistry and animal studies showing protection against aspirin-induced gastric erosion. The demulcent property soothing gastric mucosa is classically documented.

• jujubeScientific

  Jujube fruit extract demonstrates gastroprotective effects against ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats, reducing inflammatory cytokines and preventing ulcer foci formation. Traditional medicine across Asia and the Middle East extensively uses jujube as a stomach tonic, digestive aid, and anti-ulcer agent. Human gastric RCTs are absent.

• L-carnosineScientific

  L-carnosine, particularly when chelated with zinc as zinc L-carnosine (polaprezinc), has strong clinical evidence for gastric ulcer healing, H. pylori eradication support, and gastric mucosal protection. Multiple RCTs confirm its efficacy for gastric ulcer healing when combined with standard acid-suppressing medications.

• lactobacillus acidophilusScientific

  Lactobacillus acidophilus is among the best-documented probiotic species for gastrointestinal health, with high-quality evidence for functional GI disorders, antibiotic-associated diarrhea prevention, and adjunct H. pylori therapy. As one of the primary probiotic species studied for the GI tract, it helps maintain gastric microbial balance.

• lactobacillus bulgaricusScientific

  L. bulgaricus strains inhibit H. pylori growth in vitro through organic acid production, relevant to the stomach as the primary site of H. pylori colonization. A clinical study found that a multi-strain yogurt containing L. bulgaricus reduced gastric H. pylori density and decreased gastritis activity in colonized subjects.

• lactobacillus caseiScientific

  L. casei Shirota has documented inhibitory activity against H. pylori in the stomach in vitro and in vivo mouse models, including all nine clinical isolates tested and profound urease inhibition. L. casei is also well-established for modulating gut mucosal immunity, restoring intestinal flora after antibiotics, and reducing severity of acute infectious gastroenteritis.

• lactobacillus gasseriScientific

  L. gasseri OLL2716 has been detected in the human gastric mucus layer after oral administration and has demonstrated suppressive effects on H. pylori colonization in the stomach. Clinical trials show it reduces gastric dyspeptic symptoms including bloating, postprandial fullness, and gastric inflammation markers.

• lactobacillus paracaseiScientific

  L. paracasei survives gastric transit and can modulate gastric physiology. Strains such as CNCM I-1572 significantly modulated gut microbiota and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-15) in IBS patients. NCC2461 improved visceral pain consistent with upper gastrointestinal sensitivity. L. paracasei LPC-S01 adhered to intestinal epithelium after surviving gastric acid transit in vivo.

• lactobacillus plantarumScientific

  Lactobacillus plantarum has documented benefits for functional GI disorders affecting the stomach and small intestine. It maintains gastric and intestinal mucosal integrity, inhibits H. pylori, and reduces gastric inflammatory markers. It is listed among the main probiotic Lactobacillus species with evidence for GI health.

• lactobacillus reuteriScientific

  Lactobacillus reuteri has specific evidence as a gastric probiotic with anti-H. pylori activity. Multiple RCTs show it increases H. pylori eradication rates by ~9% when added to triple therapy, and reduces gastric side effects. It was identified as the most specific binding antagonist to H. pylori among Lactobacillus species.

• lactobacillus rhamnosusScientific

  Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is one of the most clinically documented probiotic strains globally, with strong evidence for GI disorders including H. pylori adjunct therapy. It survives gastric acid, adheres to the gastric epithelium, and has high antimicrobial activity against H. pylori and other gastric pathogens.

• lactoferrinScientific

  Lactoferrin has documented activity in the stomach context through its effects on H. pylori, the dominant pathogen causing chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. RCTs confirm it improves H. pylori eradication rates as an adjunct to triple/sequential therapy, and animal studies confirm direct protection of gastric mucosa.

• lavenderScientific

  Lavender has documented carminative and antispasmodic properties relevant to gastric function. RCT evidence for nausea and abdominal pain relief—as part of dysmenorrhea—is well-established. Lavender aromatherapy has also been investigated for postoperative nausea. Traditional use includes lavender tea for gastric discomfort and flatulence.

• licorice rootScientific

  Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), particularly as deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL), has traditional and scientific support for stomach mucosal protection. DGL promotes mucus production, protects the gastric lining, and shows antibacterial activity against H. pylori. It has been used for ulcers and gastritis across multiple traditional medicine systems.

• limoneneScientific

  D-limonene has the most extensive documented activity in the stomach, including acid neutralization, gastric mucus stimulation, prostaglandin E2 maintenance, mucosal protection, anti-ulcer effects, and anti-H. pylori activity in vitro. Clinical GERD trials and multiple animal gastroprotection and ulcer healing studies underpin this relationship.

• lion's maneScientific

  Lion's Mane has well-documented gastroprotective effects: animal studies show reduction of gastric ulcer area, preservation of gastric wall mucus, antioxidant enzyme upregulation, and direct anti-H. pylori activity in vitro. Traditional Chinese medicine has used it for gastric complaints for centuries. A clinical trial in gastritis patients showed mucosal improvement.

• lipaseScientific

  Gastric lipase, secreted by chief cells in the gastric fundus, initiates dietary fat digestion in the stomach, hydrolyzing 10–20% of ingested triglycerides before they reach the small intestine. Supplemental acid-resistant lipase taken before meals has been shown in a placebo-controlled crossover RCT to reduce postprandial fullness after a high-fat meal in healthy subjects. Gastric lipolysis products also stimulate pancreatic lipase release.

• luteolinScientific

  Luteolin has been studied for gastroprotective effects in ulcer models, reducing gastric mucosal inflammation via NF-κB suppression, and protecting against H. pylori-associated and NSAID-induced gastric damage in preclinical models.

• malabar nutScientific

  Anti-ulcer activity of A. vasica leaf powder has been demonstrated in two animal stomach ulcer models with significant protection (up to 80%), and traditional Unani use includes gastric ulcers. The stomach is the target organ for these documented effects.

• marjoramScientific

  Marjoram demonstrates scientifically documented gastroprotective activity in animal models, with significant antiulcer effects, acid reduction, and mucus protection. It is a core medicinal target in both traditional and evidence-based herbalism.

• mastic gumScientific

  Mastic gum (resin from Pistacia lentiscus) has documented antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, with clinical studies showing H. pylori elimination rates of 31–39% at various doses. It also promotes healing of ulcer-induced gastric tissue and eases digestive discomfort.

• melatoninScientific

  Melatonin is produced endogenously in the GI tract in quantities far exceeding the pineal gland and has documented gastroprotective properties. Clinical studies show melatonin reduces GERD symptoms and protects the gastric mucosa. A narrative review (PMC 2021) identified it as having 'moderate evidence' for upper GI conditions.

• menthol oilScientific

  Menthol influences gastric physiology through smooth muscle relaxation and 5-HT3 receptor antagonism, with clinical relevance to functional dyspepsia, nausea, and gastric motility. However, upper gastric release of menthol can provoke GERD symptoms and heartburn in susceptible individuals.

• methionine methylsulfonium chlorideScientific

  The stomach is the primary organ target of MMSC, which stimulates gastric mucin production, protects the gastric mucosal barrier, facilitates ulcer healing, and reduces inflammation in gastric mucosa. Clinical evidence includes dyspepsia and gastritis symptom reduction, and a near-50% greater epigastric pain relief rate when MMSC is added to PPI therapy.

• mintScientific

  Peppermint oil exerts smooth muscle-relaxing effects on the stomach, reducing gastric spasm and improving symptoms of functional dyspepsia. Enteric-coated PO with caraway oil reduced dyspepsia symptoms in a double-blind RCT. Menthol also has bactericidal activity against H. pylori. The antinausea effects relevant to gastric motility disorders are documented in multiple RCTs.

• monolaurinScientific

  Monolaurin has demonstrated antibacterial activity against gastric H. pylori, particularly through the oral GML mouthwash human trial in which clearing oral H. pylori via GML mouthwash improved concurrent gastric H. pylori eradication success rates. In vitro studies confirm GML activity against all clinical H. pylori strains tested.

• mucinScientific

  The stomach epithelium is protected by a thick mucin gel layer—composed primarily of MUC5AC (surface foveolar cells) and MUC6 (deep gland cells)—that forms the mucus-bicarbonate barrier preventing acid autodigestion. Disruption of this layer is the central event in peptic ulcer disease and gastritis. Clinical studies document progressive changes in mucin phenotype across the spectrum from superficial gastritis to gastric cancer.

• myrobalanScientific

  TC is documented as a stomachic, digestive aid, and anti-H. pylori agent with gastroprotective properties. It inhibited H. pylori at MIC 125 mg/L and demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models without causing gastric ulceration, indicating gastric safety.

• myrrhScientific

  Myrrh has documented gastric cytoprotective and antiulcer activity in animal models. A 1997 J Ethnopharmacol study confirmed gastric antiulcer and cytoprotective effects of Commiphora molmol in rats. Animal studies with myrrh at 500 mg/kg/day show enhanced healing from gastric ulcer. Traditional use for stomach complaints is also well documented.

• N-acetyl-glucosamineScientific

  NAG is noted to protect the lining of the stomach and intestines through its role in mucin synthesis and glycoprotein production. RxList cites that NAG 'might help protect the lining of the stomach and intestines,' grounded in its GAG-building mechanism that maintains the gastric mucosal barrier.

• neem treeScientific

  The most direct human clinical evidence for neem in any gastrointestinal application is the Bandyopadhyay et al. (2004) study showing 77% reduction in gastric acid secretion in ulcer patients taking neem bark extract. Preclinical data confirm gastroprotection via H+/K+-ATPase inhibition. This places the stomach among the best-evidenced systems for neem.

• nut grassScientific

  C. rotundus demonstrates antiulcer, gastroprotective, and antispasmodic effects specifically relevant to the stomach. Animal studies confirm 41.2% inhibition of gastric ulcers. Traditional Ayurvedic and TCM use for stomach pain and disorders is central to the herb's application.

• oatScientific

  Oat β-glucan delays gastric emptying by forming a viscous gel in the stomach, extending feelings of fullness and reducing the rate at which nutrients are delivered to the small intestine. This gastric retention effect is a key mechanism for oat's satiety and glycemic benefits.

• okraScientific

  Okra exerts direct gastroprotective effects on the stomach mucosa via mucilage coating, acid neutralization, anti-H. pylori adhesion activity, and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory action. Multiple animal studies confirm significant ulcer inhibition and mucosal protection. Okra is documented in Turkish, Middle Eastern, and African traditional medicine for stomach complaints.

• oleanolic acidScientific

  OA has documented anti-gastric inflammatory and ulcer-protective effects in preclinical models, including reduction of prostaglandin-driven mucosal injury, inhibition of NF-κB in gastric mucosal cells, and promotion of gastric mucosal barrier integrity. Traditional use of OA-containing plants for gastric complaints is documented in several medical traditions.

• oliveScientific

  Olive leaf extract inhibits H. pylori growth and reduces IL-8 and oxidative stress in H. pylori-infected human gastric cells. OLE also attenuates gastric and intestinal inflammation through immune response modulation. Traditional olive preparations have been used for gastric ailments in Mediterranean medicine.

• olive oilScientific

  Olive oil exerts gastroprotective effects by forming a protective coating on gastric mucosa and suppressing H. pylori virulence factors. EVOO polyphenols have demonstrated anti-H. pylori activity in vitro and in small human studies. Olive oil also promotes gastric mucosal prostaglandin production that protects against ulceration.

• onionScientific

  Onion protects gastric mucosa by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting H. pylori growth, the causative agent of most peptic ulcers. Quercetin from onion protects gastric epithelial cells from H. pylori-induced inflammation and apoptotic imbalance. Multiple sources confirm onion's anti-ulcerogenic activity in the stomach.

• oryzaScientific

  Gamma-oryzanol from Oryza sativa rice bran is approved in Japan for gastric complaints including stomach upset, gastritis, and heartburn. Preclinical evidence shows significant inhibition of gastric ulcer formation and reduction of gastric acid levels, with antioxidant-mediated gastroprotection.

• ox bileScientific

  Bile acids are not normally present in the stomach but can reflux there from the duodenum, causing bile reflux gastropathy characterized by mucosal inflammation, abdominal pain, nausea, and dyspepsia. Post-cholecystectomy patients are at elevated clinical risk of this condition, documented in prospective studies. Ox bile supplements taken in excess or on an empty stomach may exacerbate gastric bile acid exposure.

• paederia foetidaScientific

  P. foetida directly protects gastric mucosa in preclinical models, achieving 72–84% ulcer protection across three experimental models. Nrf2/HO-1-mediated antioxidant activity and anti-secretory effects are identified mechanisms. Traditional use for gastric complaints is extensive across Asian tribal and folk medicine.

• papainScientific

  Papain has demonstrable effects on gastric function: it reduces gastric acid secretion in animal models, improves gastric motility (2021 Neurogastroenterology & Motility study), and produced significant clinical improvements in heartburn and gastritis symptoms in human trials. The Caricol® RCT and gastritis-specific clinical study provide the key human evidence.

• papayaScientific

  Papaya and papain have documented effects on gastric physiology, including reducing acid secretion in animal models and protecting against gastric ulcers. Clinical trial evidence in patients with chronic gastritis (Caricol®-Gastro) shows improvements in stomach pain and symptoms. Traditional use of papaya for stomach complaints is extensive.

• parsleyScientific

  A controlled rat study (PMC5322505, Balkan Med J 2017) demonstrated parsley diet reduced stress-induced gastric oxidative damage, improving histopathology and biochemical markers. Flavonoids in parsley protect gastric mucosa and inhibit ulcerogenic processes. Traditional gastric tonic use is also well-documented.

• paw pawScientific

  Carica papaya preparations demonstrate gastroprotective activity in animal models (inhibiting ethanol- and NSAID-induced gastric lesions) and clinical evidence from human trials shows improvement in heartburn, gastritis symptoms, and stomach pain with papain-rich preparations. Papain is active in the stomach environment and supports protein digestion there.

• peanutScientific

  Peanuts' protein and fat content slows gastric emptying, prolonging satiety and moderating postprandial glucose excursions. This mechanism was observed in a crossover RCT where peanut butter consumption attenuated postprandial glucose and NEFA peaks compared to control. The stomach's delayed emptying response contributes to the second-meal glycaemic effect.

• pearScientific

  Animal studies indicate pear may protect gastric mucosa against ulceration, as noted in the NIH/PMC systematic review. In TCM, pear influences the Stomach organ system, described as promoting fluid secretion and clearing stomach heat. Pear's polyphenols including chlorogenic acid have anti-inflammatory properties relevant to gastric mucosal defense.

• pectinScientific

  Pectin slows gastric emptying by forming a gel that increases meal viscosity and delays transfer of ingesta to the small intestine. This effect contributes to satiety, reduced postprandial glycemia, and prolonged meal satisfaction.

• peppermintScientific

  Peppermint (Mentha piperita) is well-documented for upper gastrointestinal benefits including relief of functional dyspepsia and gastric spasm. Enteric-coated peppermint oil is used clinically for IBS and dyspepsia. Its menthol content relaxes smooth muscle in the stomach and has been shown to improve dyspeptic symptoms.

• pepsinScientific

  Pepsin is the primary proteolytic enzyme of the stomach, secreted as pepsinogen and activated by gastric HCl. It is used as a digestive supplement for individuals with hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria to support protein digestion in the stomach. Its role in gastric protein digestion is foundational to stomach function.

• peptidaseScientific

  Exogenous peptidases can act in the stomach environment to pre-digest protein substrates and resistant peptides before small intestinal entry. AN-PEP has been specifically demonstrated to degrade gluten in the stomach in a randomized clinical trial. Gastric activity of supplemental peptidases is relevant for their efficacy in gluten sensitivity management.

• phellodendron amurenseScientific

  A berberine-free fraction of P. amurense bark significantly inhibited gastric ulcer formation (ethanol-induced, aspirin-induced, pylorus-ligated, stress ulcer) and reduced gastric acid secretion in rat models (Uchiyama et al., 1989). P. amurense (Nexrutine) is used commercially for gastroenteritis and abdominal pain. TCM uses Huang Bai for stomach fire, gastritis, and peptic conditions.

• picrorhiza kurroaScientific

  P. kurroa rhizome extracts demonstrate gastroprotective activity in animal models, healing indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers by 45% via PGE2 restoration and oxidative stress reduction. Traditional use as a stomachic, digestive stimulant, and anti-dyspeptic is extensively documented across Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Tibetan traditions.

• pineappleScientific

  Bromelain is active in the stomach's acidic environment and aids gastric protein digestion. Fresh pineapple has traditional use for gastric complaints. Bromelain functions across a wider pH range than human digestive enzymes, supporting gastric function particularly in individuals with low stomach acid.

• prickly ashScientific

  Prickly ash has preclinical evidence (rodent models of gastritis and diarrhea) and extensive traditional documentation for stomach effects. The 2017 PMC systematic review confirms gastrointestinal regulatory effects. Eclectic medicine records it as warming and augmenting gastric secretions. Animal research shows improvement in chronic gastritis through improved digestive movement.

• prickly pear cactusScientific

  Opuntia cladode preparations demonstrated significant gastroprotective effects in multiple animal models of gastric ulceration. Traditional use for gastritis, gastric ulcers, and acid-related complaints is among the most widely documented applications. Human trial evidence is lacking.

• psylliumScientific

  Psyllium (Plantago ovata) husk has documented effects on gastric emptying, gastric acid regulation, and upper GI function through its gel-forming soluble fiber content. It is among the most frequently used plants in food supplements for GI health claims in Europe, with recognition from multiple regulatory bodies.

• queen of the meadowScientific

  The stomach is the digestive organ with the strongest combined traditional and pre-clinical scientific evidence for queen of the meadow. Gastroprotective activity has been demonstrated in animal studies using validated gastric ulcer models, with isolated flavonoids showing ulcer-preventive ability. Traditional use as a stomachic and antacid is formally recognized in multiple pharmacopeias.

• radishScientific

  Animal and in vitro studies demonstrate that radish juice protects gastric tissue and strengthens the mucosal barrier against ulcer formation. Radish root also stimulates gastric juice and digestive enzyme secretion. These pharmacological actions are consistent with its traditional use for stomach and intestinal disorders across multiple medicine systems.

• rhubarbScientific

  Rhubarb has documented clinical effects on the stomach, including treatment of stress ulcers with GI hemorrhage in ICU patients, improvement of gastric intramural pH, and reduction of stomach bleeding. RxList classifies stomach bleeding as a condition for which rhubarb is 'possibly effective' based on clinical evidence.

• rhubarb rootScientific

  Rhubarb root has documented traditional and pharmacological activity relevant to the stomach, including treatment of gastric ulcers, upper GI bleeding, and H. pylori inhibition. A meta-analysis of RCTs supports endoscopic rhubarb powder for acute non-varicose upper GI bleeding.

• ryeScientific

  Rye's dense microstructure and high fiber content slow gastric emptying, contributing to prolonged satiety and moderated postprandial glycemia. RCTs demonstrate that rye bread products induce greater fullness than refined wheat bread, consistent with delayed gastric emptying. The dense structure of whole-grain rye bread is one mechanistic contributor to the 'rye factor' in postprandial responses.

• saccharomyces boulardiiScientific

  Saccharomyces boulardii is a well-studied probiotic yeast with strong clinical evidence as adjuvant therapy in H. pylori eradication, improving eradication rates and reducing adverse effects. A meta-analysis confirmed it significantly improves eradication rates (RR=1.11) and reduces nausea, diarrhea, and bloating when added to standard therapy.

• sennaScientific

  Sennosides precipitate at the low pH of the stomach, inhibiting absorption and maintaining their prodrug status before colonic activation. Preclinical (rat) studies published in PMC demonstrate that sennoside A and B have gastroprotective effects, inhibiting the gastric proton pump (H+/K+-ATPase) and upregulating prostaglandin E2, reducing gastric acid secretion and protecting against experimentally induced gastritis and ulcers. Clinically, stomach discomfort (nausea, stomach upset) is a documented adverse effect of senna, reported in approximately 20% of users in pharmacological studies.

• smartweedScientific

  The stomach is the primary organ targeted by P. hydropiper in traditional Chinese medicine (stomach meridian tropism) and the best-characterized preclinical organ in pharmacological studies. Multiple animal studies confirm gastroprotective and antiulcer activity via flavonoid-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways.

• soursopScientific

  A. muricata leaf extracts protect the gastric mucosa from chemically induced injury via prostaglandin synthesis activation, ROS scavenging, and mucosal cytoprotection, demonstrated in multiple rodent models. Traditional use for gastric complaints across multiple regions is also documented.

• spearmint leafScientific

  Spearmint has pharmacologically documented antispasmodic and anti-emetic effects on the stomach, with carvone inhibiting gastric smooth muscle contractions. Traditional use for nausea, vomiting, indigestion, and stomach upset is supported by both ethnopharmacological records and preliminary clinical and pharmacological data.

• SPMs (specialized pro-resolving mediators)Scientific

  LXA4 and resolvins are produced in gastric mucosa and counteract H. pylori-associated gastric inflammation. SPM levels are reduced in gastric mucosa in active gastritis. SPMs protect against NSAID-induced gastric damage and promote mucosal healing.

• streptococcus thermophilusScientific

  Preclinical studies indicate S. thermophilus may protect against chronic gastritis through immune modulation and preservation of the gastric mucosal barrier. Specific strains used alongside standard therapies have demonstrated enhanced H. pylori eradication rates in clinical environments, potentially reducing gastritis incidence.

• sulforaphaneScientific

  Sulforaphane inhibits H. pylori—the primary cause of chronic gastritis—in human clinical studies, restores gastric antioxidant defenses, and protects gastric mucosa from oxidative injury. PNAS 2002 and subsequent human studies established bacteriostatic and anti-gastritis activity.

• sweet flagScientific

  The stomach is a primary traditional target of A. calamus, with antispasmodic, antiulcerogenic, anti-gastric secretion, and carminative properties supported by animal studies and traditional pharmacopoeial classification across Ayurveda, Unani, and Chinese medicine.

• swertiaScientific

  Swertia chirayita has well-documented gastroprotective, anti-gastritis, and digestive stimulant activity targeting the stomach. Preclinical studies demonstrate protection against ulcerogenic agents. A dedicated Bentham Science review covers its evidence-based role in gastric and GI disorders including gastritis and peptic ulcers.

• terminaliaScientific

  T. chebula has both traditional documentation and animal study evidence for gastroprotective effects, including inhibition of gastric ulcer development and cytoprotective effects on gastric mucosa. It is classified as stomachic and antibilious in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. Animal experimental studies confirm gastric cytoprotection.

• tinospora cordifoliaScientific

  T. cordifolia has preclinical antiulcer evidence showing reduction of gastric acid secretion, ulcer index, and gastric volume, alongside antioxidant protection of gastric mucosa. It also shows antacid and digestive properties in traditional Ayurveda and has a diazepam-like anti-ulcer effect in stress models.

• turmericScientific

  Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has documented antiulcer and gastroprotective properties via its active compound curcumin. Traditional Asian use and modern clinical data both support its role in stomach ulcer treatment, H. pylori inhibition, and gastroprotection. Systematic review evidence supports positive effects on peptic ulcer disease.

• vanillaScientific

  Vanillin has preclinical scientific evidence for gastroprotection via anti-inflammatory mechanisms. A 2022 MDPI study in an animal ulcer model showed vanillin maintained gastric mucosal integrity, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, and suppressed NF-κB. Traditional use of vanilla for stomach pain and gastrointestinal irritation further supports this relationship.

• yarrowScientific

  Yarrow is Commission E- and ESCOP-approved for stomach complaints including dyspepsia and spasmodic discomfort. It demonstrates gastroprotective, antispasmodic, prokinetic, and anti-ulcer activities in multiple preclinical models, and a clinical trial in IBS showed reduced stomach pain with a yarrow-containing formula.

• zanthoxylumScientific

  Gastroprotective effects of Zanthoxylum on the stomach have been demonstrated in controlled animal ulcer models for Z. rhoifolium and Z. nitidum. Mechanisms include mucus production, KATP channel activation, nitric oxide modulation, and antioxidant protection of the gastric mucosa. Traditional use for stomach pain and indigestion is pharmacopoeially documented.

• zincScientific

  Zinc, particularly as zinc L-carnosine (polaprezinc), has robust clinical evidence for gastric ulcer healing and gastroprotection. An 8-week RCT in 258 gastric ulcer patients showed 75% marked symptom improvement with zinc carnosine, and studies show it inhibits H. pylori urease activity. Zinc is also essential for gastric mucosal integrity.

• 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acidTraditional

  In traditional medicine systems, tartaric acid-containing tamarind has been used to address stomach complaints including indigestion, biliousness, gastric discomfort, and nausea. The acid content is considered to promote bile secretion and improve gastric digestion. Scientific evidence for tartaric acid's direct effects on the stomach in humans is absent.

• abies spectabilisTraditional

  A. spectabilis leaves are traditionally used as a stomachic in Nepalese medicine, and hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid) is listed as a traditional indication. Carminative and antispasmodic properties are documented in ethnobotanical sources.

• acaciaTraditional

  Acacia gum has extensive traditional use as a demulcent for stomach irritation, gastritis, and gastrointestinal discomfort across African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian medicine. Its mucilaginous properties coat the gastric mucosa, reducing irritation. Pharmaceutical use as a demulcent for stomach inflammation is documented by Drugs.com. Robust clinical trials specifically in gastric pathology are lacking.

• agrimonyTraditional

  The stomach is a primary target of agrimony's traditional and documented uses: German Commission E and ESCOP cover diarrhoea and gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation. Animal studies confirm gastroprotective effects in ulcer models. A 1982 human clinical study used agrimony-containing preparations for chronic gastroduodenitis.

• alfalfaTraditional

  Alfalfa is traditionally used for stomach complaints including indigestion, dyspepsia, and ulcers across Ayurvedic, early American, and Chinese herbal traditions. Pharmacological monographs confirm these traditional indications. No controlled clinical evidence for stomach-specific outcomes exists.

• alkanetTraditional

  Oral alkanet root preparations have been traditionally used for gastric and duodenal ulcers and stomach inflammation in European, Mediterranean, and South Asian folk medicine. The use is documented in multiple pharmaceutical and herbal references. No clinical trials have evaluated this gastric indication.

• andrographisTraditional

  In Ayurveda, Andrographis is classified as a stomachic — an agent that tones and strengthens stomach function. TCM uses it to clear 'stomach heat' and digestive toxic conditions. Traditional use across cultures includes treatment of dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, and digestive discomfort. No dedicated human RCTs targeting gastric function specifically have been found.

• anemarrhena asphodeloidesTraditional

  In TCM, anemarrhena is used for thirst, dry mouth, and stomach fire conditions, and is incorporated in formulas (Bai Hu Tang) for high fever with intense thirst — a stomach heat pattern. The herb also indirectly influences digestion through its bitter, cold properties that 'clear stomach heat.'

• annattoTraditional

  Annatto leaf and bark preparations are documented in traditional Latin American medicine as gastroprotective treatments for stomach upset, heartburn, dysentery, and gastric inflammation. Bixin has shown anti-ulcer and mucosal healing properties in a preclinical rodent model. Human clinical data specific to gastric outcomes are absent.

• apricotTraditional

  Various traditional medicine systems use apricot preparations to support digestive function, including gastric motility, appetite stimulation, and relief of indigestion. TCM uses apricot kernel for bowel regulation. The Prunus armeniaca ethnobotanical review documents use for 'digestive disorders' across multiple traditions. Apricot fruit fiber and organic acids support gastric health.

• ashitabaTraditional

  Ashitaba has long been used in Japanese traditional medicine for stomach ailments including heartburn, ulcers, and indigestion. An in vitro study confirmed that ashitaba chalcones inhibit gastric H+/K+-ATPase (proton pump). No human gastric trials exist.

• asparagusTraditional

  A. racemosus is classified as stomachic and anti-ulcer in Ayurvedic medicine and is used for dyspepsia and stomach complaints. The antiulcer activity is documented in Ayurvedic pharmacological reviews and attributed to mucus-stimulating saponins. Traditional Asian and European medicine records asparagus for stomach pain.

• baikal skullcapTraditional

  S. baicalensis is used in TCM for stomach heat conditions, acute gastroenteritis, and vomiting during pregnancy. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia includes S. baicalensis in formulas for upper gastrointestinal complaints. Traditional documentation is extensive; modern clinical data includes gastroenteritis applications in China.

• bambooTraditional

  In TCM, bamboo enters the stomach meridian and multiple classical formulas address stomach-heat syndromes. Bamboo shavings (zhuru) are used for nausea, vomiting, hiccups, and loss of appetite. Bamboo shoots in Ayurveda serve as digestive aids and carminatives, and contain enzymes (amylase, nuclease) documented to support gastric digestive function.

• barberryTraditional

  Barberry has extensive traditional use as a stomach tonic (stomachic) across Persian, Ayurvedic, and European medicine, employed for gastritis, dyspepsia, heartburn, nausea, and ulcers. Berberine acts on stomach smooth muscle and inhibits gastric pathogens.

• bayberryTraditional

  Bayberry has traditional use for stomach conditions including gastritis, nausea, indigestion, and dyspepsia. Root bark tea was used as an astringent for chronic gastritis and stomach complaints. Traditional classification includes bayberry as a stomach tonic and stimulant.

• bee pollenTraditional

  Traditional apitherapy across multiple cultures cites bee pollen for gastric and gastrointestinal conditions including stomach ulcers and gastrointestinal disorders. Bee pollen has been used medically in bleeding stomach ulcers in traditional Chinese medicine. Human clinical evidence specifically for the stomach is absent.

• belleric myrobalanTraditional

  Belleric myrobalan is documented across multiple traditional medicine systems for stomach disorders including dyspepsia, indigestion, gastritis, and ulcers. Its antispasmodic and anti-ulcerogenic activities are pharmacologically documented. The fruit stimulates bile and digestive juice production in traditional Ayurvedic theory and practice. H. pylori inhibition provides mechanistic support for anti-ulcer gastric effects.

• benegut perillaTraditional

  Perilla frutescens (Zi Su Ye) has centuries of documented use in TCM to 'harmonize the stomach,' treating nausea, vomiting, and gastric discomfort. Classical texts including the Compendium of Materia Medica and Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber document gastric applications. Gastroprotective activity (mucus induction, anti-inflammatory) is shown in rat models of gastric ulcer for rosmarinic acid-enriched Perilla extract, but direct human evidence for Benegut's specific gastric effects is limited.

• black walnutTraditional

  Black walnut hull is used traditionally as a digestive bitter tonic and stomach support, with bitter compounds stimulating gastric secretion and tannins providing mucosal protective effects. Traditional use for stomach parasites and gastrointestinal comfort is documented. Juglone has been noted in laboratory settings to inhibit H. pylori enzymes.

• blackberryTraditional

  Blackberry preparations have traditional use for settling stomach upset, reducing gastric inflammation, and as a tonic for general digestive discomfort. The astringent tannins soothe irritated gastric mucosa, and blackberry was noted by classical herbalists for its benefits to the gastrointestinal tract.

• bladderwrackTraditional

  Bladderwrack's mucilaginous alginic acid forms a protective gel layer over gastric mucosa, with traditional use for gastritis, heartburn, and gastric irritation. The alginic acid mechanism is clinically validated in the pharmaceutical product Gaviscon, though not for whole bladderwrack specifically.

• blessed thistleTraditional

  Blessed thistle's primary and Commission E-endorsed use is as a gastric bitter tonic, stimulating stomach acid secretion and improving digestive function. Historical use for dyspepsia, gastritis, heartburn, and low stomach acidity is documented across multiple European herbal traditions. No placebo-controlled human trials have been conducted.

• boswelliaTraditional

  Ayurvedic texts document Boswellia's use in oral and gastrointestinal disorders, and traditional use includes mouth sores and digestive complaints. No dedicated human RCT has tested Boswellia specifically for gastric (stomach) conditions, though the NIH LiverTox monograph notes GI complaints as a traditional application.

• buckthornTraditional

  Traditional uses of buckthorn include a bark decoction for gastritis from hyperacidity, and the berries have traditional use for stomach disorders. However, buckthorn is also cautioned against in gastritis due to potential irritation from anthraquinones. The stomach relationship is thus complex: documented traditional use for stomach complaints, but also recognized contraindication in inflammatory gastric conditions.

• bupleurum falcatumTraditional

  B. falcatum is used in TCM for Stomach Qi disharmony including nausea, vomiting, and digestive upset, particularly in Xiao Chai Hu Tang. Pectic polysaccharides from B. falcatum roots have shown gastroprotective activity against induced gastric ulcers in rodents. The herb is listed in traditional materia medica for stomach disorders.

• burdockTraditional

  Burdock root is classified as a bitter digestive in European and TCM herbal medicine, stimulating gastric secretions and supporting digestion. The EMA recognizes its traditional use for temporary loss of appetite and digestive complaints. The TCM burdock database specifically associates burdock with the stomach meridian. Gastroprotective effects are documented in preclinical studies via arctigenin.

• butterburTraditional

  Butterbur has traditional use for upset stomach, stomach ulcers, and gastrointestinal spasm, documented in multiple ethnobotanical and pharmacognosy sources. A preclinical animal study showed gastroprotective effects. No human clinical trials have been conducted for stomach-specific outcomes.

• calendulaTraditional

  Calendula is traditionally used internally for gastric complaints including gastritis, peptic ulcer, and spasm. In vitro NF-κB inhibition in gastric epithelial cells, animal gastroprotection studies, and human evidence from multi-ingredient preparations provide mechanistic and indirect clinical support.

• cardamomTraditional

  Cardamom is primarily used in Ayurvedic, South Asian, and East Asian traditional medicine as a gastric remedy for indigestion, acid disturbance, nausea, gastric cramping, and stomach ulcer symptoms. Animal and in vitro studies support gastroprotective effects and H. pylori inhibition. Human clinical trial data specifically for gastric outcomes are limited.

• cascara sagradaTraditional

  Cascara sagrada has been used in traditional herbalism as a bitter tonic to stimulate gastric secretions and digestive juices. Its bitter taste, when taken as tea or tincture, is believed to reflexively activate gastric function. No clinical trials validate a direct gastroprotective or gastric secretory effect in humans.

• catjang cowpeaTraditional

  Cowpea is traditionally used in African and Ayurvedic systems to manage gastric and digestive complaints including gastritis and general stomach discomfort. Ayurveda describes cowpea as improving intestinal motility and gastric taste. No clinical trial evidence for specific gastric outcomes has been found.

• chaff flowerTraditional

  A. aspera is documented as stomachic, digestive, and astringent in traditional medicine, used for gastric disorders including stomach pain, indigestion, and colic. Preclinical gut modulatory studies provide partial scientific support.

• chamomileTraditional

  Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flower extract is widely used in European and global traditional medicine for dyspepsia, gastritis, and gastric cramps. It is recognized by the German Commission E and EMA for digestive complaints. Anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties provide rationale for gastric use, though large RCTs are lacking.

• chickweedTraditional

  Chickweed is used in herbal traditions as a soothing, cooling demulcent for stomach irritation, gastritis, and indigestion. Mucilage is proposed to coat gastric mucosa, while flavonoids provide anti-inflammatory effects. No clinical evidence is available.

• chicoryTraditional

  Chicory (Cichorium intybus) has traditional use in European medicine for stimulating gastric acid secretion, bile flow, and digestive function. Its bitter compounds act on gastric receptors to enhance digestive secretion. It is among the most frequently included plants in European food supplements for digestive health claims.

• cinnamonTraditional

  Cinnamon has extensive traditional use across Ayurvedic, Greek, Chinese, and European medicine for stomach complaints including dyspepsia, nausea, bloating, and gastric ulcers. Pharmacological studies identify gastroprotective activity. An RCT for functional dyspepsia did not show benefit over placebo, but traditional use is well-documented.

• citrus sinensisTraditional

  C. sinensis peel has documented traditional use for gastric complaints including indigestion, colic, and bloating across Chinese, Ayurvedic, and European medicine. Preclinical data shows C. sinensis peel extracts and hesperidin protect against alcohol-induced gastric ulcers in animal models. No dedicated human clinical trials for stomach-specific endpoints have been identified.

• coixTraditional

  Coix seed enters the stomach meridian in TCM and is used as a digestive tonic to strengthen stomach function, alleviate stomach weakness, and clear damp-heat from the stomach. This is a primary traditional indication documented in multiple authoritative TCM references.

• comfreyTraditional

  Comfrey has a traditional internal use for gastric conditions including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and dysentery, relying on its mucilaginous polysaccharides to coat and soothe the gastric mucosa. This use is documented across multiple cultures and historical pharmaceutical references. No clinical trial evidence exists, and oral comfrey is contraindicated due to hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

• dandelionTraditional

  Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root is used traditionally across European and Asian medicine to stimulate gastric acid and bile secretion, supporting digestion. The German Commission E recognizes it for digestive complaints. It is among the most frequently used plants in food supplements for gastric health claims.

• dog roseTraditional

  Dog Rose has documented traditional use for gastric complaints including gastritis, stomach cramps, ulcers, and indigestion across European folk medicine. The mucilaginous and tannin-containing rosehip preparations are recorded to soothe gastric mucosa and regulate digestion. No human clinical trials for gastric endpoints have been conducted.

• elecampaneTraditional

  The stomach is a primary target organ for elecampane's traditional bitter tonic action: stimulating gastric acid and enzyme secretion, relieving nausea, and addressing indigestion. Ancient Greek, Roman, Western, Ayurvedic, and TCM traditions all document gastric indications. A limited 1977 clinical study in peptic ulcer patients exists.

• fennelTraditional

  Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) has longstanding traditional use in European and Asian medicine for dyspepsia, gastric cramping, and bloating. It is among the most frequently used medicinal plants in food supplements for digestive health claims. German Commission E and EMA recognize its use for functional GI disorders including gastric complaints.

• flaxseedTraditional

  Flaxseed mucilage forms a protective gel in the stomach, and animal model studies suggest gastroprotective effects against gastric ulcers. Traditional pharmacopeial use for stomach and abdominal complaints is documented. Delay of gastric emptying by flaxseed fiber is a clinically relevant effect.

• fu lingTraditional

  Fu Ling is documented in classical texts and pharmacological reviews for treating gastric atony, acute gastroenteric catarrh, chronic gastritis, nausea, and vomiting — all stomach-related indications. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia includes Spleen-Stomach deficiency patterns with digestive complaints. TCM formulas like Si Jun Zi Tang tonify the Stomach alongside the Spleen.

• gentianTraditional

  Gentian (Gentiana lutea) root is one of the most potent traditional bitter tonics used to stimulate gastric acid secretion, digestive enzyme release, and gastric motility. Recognized by the German Commission E and European Pharmacopoeia for dyspepsia and loss of appetite. Its amarogentin is among the bitterest natural compounds known.

• geraniumTraditional

  Geranium is used as a stomachic, carminative, and antispasmodic for stomach complaints including gastric ulcers, colic, and indigestion. Animal model evidence supports antiulcer properties. Traditional use across multiple cultures is well documented.

• glehnia littoralisTraditional

  Nourishing stomach yin and treating stomach-yin deficiency are classical TCM indications for G. littoralis documented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and multiple systematic reviews. The herb is used for gastric discomfort, gastric ulcer, and esophagitis in TCM combination formulas. No isolated stomach pharmacology studies were identified.

• glehnia rootTraditional

  Glehnia root is a primary herb in TCM for 'nourishing stomach yin,' addressing gastric dryness, esophagitis, and gastric ulcer. These stomach-specific uses are documented in classical texts, systematic reviews, and pharmacopoeial records across East Asia.

• goldensealTraditional

  Goldenseal is traditionally used as a gastric bitter tonic for stomach disorders including dyspepsia, gastritis, and ulcers. The PubMed critical review and USPTO documentation record gastric and ulcer conditions among its traditional indications.

• green chirettaTraditional

  Green chiretta has extensive traditional use as a stomachic in Ayurveda and TCM, used for stomach pain, hyperacidity, nausea, and digestive infection. Its bitter compounds stimulate gastric acid and bile secretion. It is among the most commonly used herbs for stomach complaints in South and Southeast Asian traditional medicine.

• guaranaTraditional

  Guarana has traditional use for stomach complaints including diarrhea, dysentery, and hunger suppression across Amazonian indigenous peoples and Peruvian folk medicine. Its tannin content provides a pharmacologically plausible astringent mechanism for gastric mucosal effects. Caffeine and methylxanthines may also affect gastric acid secretion and gut motility.

• hawthornTraditional

  Hawthorn is traditionally used in TCM to strengthen the stomach, promote gastric transport, and treat food stagnation and dyspepsia. European folk medicine also records hawthorn for stomach complaints. Animal models support modulation of gastric function, but dedicated human clinical trials focused specifically on stomach endpoints are lacking.

• hibiscusTraditional

  Hibiscus sabdariffa has well-documented traditional use as a digestive and antispasmodic remedy for stomach complaints including cramps, indigestion, and nausea. Preclinical data support anti-ulcer activity. The choleretic and antispasmodic properties are recognized in ethnopharmacological literature, but human RCTs for stomach-specific endpoints are absent.

• holarrhena antidysentericaTraditional

  H. antidysenterica is classified as stomachic in multiple traditional systems (Unani, Bangladeshi, Ayurvedic), used for dyspepsia, stomach pain, and gastric disorders. The British Materia Medica lists it for gastric disorders and dyspepsia. Mechanistic studies on gastric-specific effects are limited.

• honeysuckleTraditional

  Honeysuckle is assigned to the Stomach meridian in TCM and is traditionally used for heat-related gastric inflammation, gastritis, dysentery, and enteritis. Classical texts document its digestive heat-clearing role. An antiulcer property is specifically noted in pharmacological reviews. Modern folk use includes pain and swelling of the small intestine.

• horehoundTraditional

  German Commission E approved horehound for dyspepsia and appetite, recognising marrubiin as a gastric juice stimulant. In vivo studies demonstrate gastroprotective and antiulcer activity via mucus stimulation and acid suppression. EMA HMPC confirms traditional use for minor dyspeptic complaints. The stomach is one of the two principal organ systems in horehound's Commission E-approved indications.

• huckleberryTraditional

  Traditional use of huckleberry for gastric complaints includes its astringent application to diarrhea, gastric cramps, and colic; use of berry juice as an appetite stimulant; and leaf tea for poor starch digestion. These applications are documented in Pacific Northwest ethnobotany and 19th-century herbal literature.

• hyacinth beanTraditional

  Traditional use for stomach-related conditions—including vomiting, nausea, abdominal distension, poor appetite, and weak stomach function—is extensively documented in TCM, Ayurvedic, and Philippine ethnomedicine, making the stomach one of the primary traditional target organs for hyacinth bean.

• hyssopTraditional

  Hyssop is a traditional stomachic and carminative, recognized for toning the stomach, relieving flatulence, and easing stomach pain. In vitro smooth muscle relaxant activity supports its antispasmodic role. Animal studies confirm gastroprotective effects via mucosal strengthening and oxidative stress reduction.

• indian frankincenseTraditional

  Traditional Ayurvedic and Unani texts include Boswellia for stomach complaints and mouth ulcers. An RCT examining olibanum for oral aphthous ulcers represents clinical evidence adjacent to mucosal stomach protection. No specific gastric clinical trial for Boswellia has been identified.

• indian gum arabic treeTraditional

  Traditional use of Acacia nilotica bark for stomach complaints and intestinal pain is consistently documented across Africa and South Asia. Gum arabic has been used as a gastroprotective functional food. Antiulcer and gastroprotective effects are confirmed in animal models.

• inula racemosaTraditional

  I. racemosa is documented in Chinese Traditional Medicine for gastric conditions including abdominal pain and acute enteritis, and in Ayurveda as a stomachic, digestive, and antispasmodic for indigestion, flatulence, and loss of appetite. A PubMed-indexed review also documented potential for stomach ulcer treatment.

• kudzuTraditional

  Kudzu root is traditionally used in TCM for stomach-related complaints including gastritis and nausea. Classical texts and contemporary herbalists describe kudzu as soothing to the stomach and useful for reducing thirst, nausea, and gastrointestinal irritation. Formal clinical trial evidence for stomach-specific outcomes is absent.

• L-glycineTraditional

  Glycine has been traditionally used to support gastric health, with some early clinical and pharmacological interest in its potential to protect the gastric mucosa and reduce stomach irritation. Preclinical data suggest glycine reduces gastric acid-induced injury, though direct human RCT evidence for gastric protection specifically is limited.

• lemonTraditional

  Lemon juice is traditionally used across cultures to support stomach function, relieve indigestion, and stimulate gastric secretions. Citric acid may stimulate gastric acid and promote motility. A clinical RCT demonstrated lemon juice slows gastric emptying rate, an effect with direct relevance to digestive function.

• lemon balmTraditional

  Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) has traditional European use for functional GI disorders including stomach cramps, bloating, and dyspepsia. The German Commission E recognizes it for nervous gastric disorders. It is frequently combined with peppermint and other herbs in multi-ingredient preparations with documented dyspepsia benefits.

• lemongrassTraditional

  Lemongrass has extensive traditional use for gastric complaints and demonstrated gastroprotective effects in animal models including reduced gastric ulceration, enhanced mucin production, and H+/K+-ATPase inhibition. Preclinical evidence is robust; human clinical trials for gastric endpoints are absent.

• lophatherum leafTraditional

  TCM classifies Lophatherum leaf as acting on the Stomach meridian to clear excess Stomach heat, manifesting as thirst, irritability, and mouth/gum inflammation. Ancient texts document its use for 'feverish heartburn and thirst'—classical Stomach heat symptoms. No direct pharmacological evidence for gastric physiological effects is available.

• lotus seedTraditional

  In TCM, lotus seeds strengthen the Spleen and Stomach together, promoting digestive function, improving appetite, and settling the stomach. No modern clinical studies specifically assess lotus seed's effects on stomach physiology.

• magnoliaTraditional

  Magnolia bark has extensive documented traditional use in TCM and Kampo for stomach-related complaints including bloating, gastric fullness, nausea, and digestive stagnation. It is a principal herb in Ma Zi Ren Wan and related formulas for these indications. Preclinical antibacterial activity against H. pylori adds some mechanistic support.

• mangoTraditional

  Mango has documented traditional use in Ayurveda for stomach complaints including indigestion, nausea (vomiting), and burning sensation in the chest. Mango leaf preparations are used in folk medicine as mild gastroprotective agents. In vitro evidence shows mango polyphenols have gastroprotective potential.

• mangosteenTraditional

  Mangosteen pericarp has been traditionally used for stomach complaints including abdominal pain, dysentery, and gastrointestinal infections across Southeast Asia for at least 200 years. No human clinical trials have addressed stomach-specific outcomes for mangosteen.

• maqui berryTraditional

  Mapuche traditional medicine used maqui berry and leaf preparations for stomach disorders, diarrhea, dysentery, and gastrointestinal disturbances, with records from as early as 1844. Modern evidence for direct gastroprotective effects is limited to in vitro anti-inflammatory activity.

• marshmallowTraditional

  Marshmallow root (Althaea officinalis) forms a mucin-like protective layer over inflamed gastric mucosa via its high polysaccharide content. Approved by the German Commission E for supporting the integrity of gastric and pharyngeal mucosa. Its flavonoids decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6.

• milk thistleTraditional

  Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) silymarin has traditional and mechanistic evidence for gastroprotection. It is frequently used in food supplements for digestive and gastric health in Europe. While primarily known for liver support, its anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective properties have documented traditional applications for stomach complaints.

• millet seedTraditional

  Millet seed has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic and Asian medicine systems as an easily digestible grain that soothes the stomach and is well-tolerated by individuals with gastric sensitivities. Its low-FODMAP profile reduces gastric gas production. Some in vitro animal data suggest antiulcerative properties of millet polyphenols.

• momordicaTraditional

  Momordica charantia is documented in folk medicine for stomachache and peptic ulcer, and has preclinical anti-ulcerogenic activity. Turkish folk medicine specifically records its use for peptic ulcer treatment. Polypeptide-K from seeds shows gastroprotective activity in rodent ulcer models.

• morindaTraditional

  M. citrifolia is used traditionally for stomach pain, gastritis, indigestion, nausea, and constipation across Polynesian, Pacific Island, and Asian traditional medicine. Scopoletin in noni has gastroprotective properties. A placebo-controlled clinical trial found M. citrifolia reduced post-operative nausea and vomiting.

• morusTraditional

  Traditional texts including Western and TCM sources document Morus for stomach-related complaints including nausea, poor appetite, and stomach heat. Mulberry fruit is described as strengthening the stomach and promoting appetite in traditional Morus monographs.

• mustardTraditional

  Mustard is a traditional gastric stimulant that increases gastric acid and enzyme secretion, improving digestion and relieving dyspeptic symptoms. This use spans Ayurvedic, European, and TCM medicine. Pungent AITC acts on gastric mucosal receptors to promote secretory activity.

• nopalTraditional

  Nopal has extensive traditional use for stomach complaints including stomachache, gastric ulcers, and gastritis across Mexican and sub-Saharan ethnomedicine. Mucilage components are proposed to coat and protect the gastric mucosa. Preclinical studies confirm Opuntia seed oil protects against experimentally induced gastric mucosal ulcers. Human clinical data for stomach-specific endpoints are lacking.

• ophiopogonTraditional

  Ophiopogon japonicus is a classical TCM herb for stomach yin deficiency, indicated for dry mouth, gastric dryness, poor appetite, and thirst. These gastric indications are documented in classical materia medica texts and consistently referenced in pharmacological reviews.

• ophiopogon rootTraditional

  The stomach is one of the three primary meridian organs of ophiopogon root per the 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia, with documented traditional use for stomach yin deficiency, dry mouth, gastric discomfort, and atrophic gastritis. Classical texts record specific stomach-healing functions across thousands of years of use.

• orangeTraditional

  Orange peel is used traditionally across Chinese, Ayurvedic, and European medicine as a gastric tonic to stimulate stomach acid and enzyme secretion, relieve indigestion, and ease stomach discomfort. Sweet orange peel was historically used as a gentle digestive aid. Compounds in the peel stimulate digestive enzyme production.

• oreganoTraditional

  Oregano has extensive traditional use as a stomachic and carminative — taken with meals for gastric discomfort, acidity, and bloating across Mediterranean, Turkish, Chinese, and Iranian folk medicine. Traditional infusions were used for gastric acidity and acute gastroenteritis. Carvacrol's antimicrobial activity against H. pylori and anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibition provide mechanistic relevance. Human clinical evidence for gastric endpoints is absent.

• peachTraditional

  Peach leaf has been used in Eclectic medicine and traditional systems specifically for gastric irritability, gastritis, and stomach inflammation. The fruit is described as stomachic. TCM uses peach preparations for gastrointestinal discomfort.

• perillaTraditional

  Perilla is a classic TCM herb for stomach qi regulation, addressing nausea, vomiting, bloating, and abdominal discomfort. Classical texts document its use for abdominal pain from fish and shellfish. Rosmarinic acid-rich perilla extracts have demonstrated gastroprotective effects in NSAID-induced gastric ulcer animal models.

• pistacia integerrima gallTraditional

  P. integerrima galls are used in traditional Ayurvedic and Unani medicine for stomach complaints including indigestion, dyspeptic vomiting, and stomach disorders. The galls' astringent tannin content and carminative essential oil components provide a pharmacological basis. Traditional Ayurvedic compound formulations include the galls for 'ajeema' (indigestion).

• plantagoTraditional

  Plantago lanceolata is listed in the German Commission E for gastric mucosal membrane irritations. P. ovata aqueous extract shows gastroprotective effects in animal ulcer models. P. major is documented in folk medicine for stomach complaints across European and Asian traditions. Mucilage provides a protective coating on gastric mucosa.

• plantainTraditional

  Plantago major is traditionally used for gastric complaints including gastritis, stomach ulcers, and abdominal pain across multiple global folk medicine traditions. Pectic polysaccharides demonstrate antiulcerogenic activity in rat stomach models. Mucilage physically protects gastric mucosa. Anti-inflammatory compounds reduce gastric wall inflammation.

• platycodonTraditional

  In TCM classical texts, Platycodon root is listed for digestive indications including dysentery. The Ming Dynasty Compendium of Materia Medica records its use for oral ulcers; related TCM applications included gastrointestinal inflammation. Modern gastric-specific research on PG is limited.

• pomegranateTraditional

  Pomegranate has longstanding traditional use in Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Middle Eastern medicine for stomach complaints including ulcers, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The high tannin content of pomegranate peel is proposed to protect the gastric mucosa and inhibit H. pylori. Human clinical trial evidence for gastric effects is limited.

• pomeloTraditional

  Pomelo pulp has been traditionally used as a stomach tonic and digestive aid in Asian folk medicine since ancient times. TCM uses pomelo peel to relieve digestive Qi stagnation, bloating, and indigestion. Pomelo leaves are used in Ayurveda and traditional Brazilian medicine for digestive complaints.

• poppyTraditional

  Poppy has traditional use for stomach complaints including gastric pain, spasms, and ulcer-related discomfort across Unani, European, and Turkish folk medicine. P. rhoeas demonstrates antiulcerogenic activity in preclinical models. Papaverine's smooth muscle relaxant effects apply to gastric smooth muscle.

• prunusTraditional

  Prunus africana bark decoctions are traditionally used for stomachache and gastrointestinal complaints across Sub-Saharan African communities. This use is documented in multiple peer-reviewed ethnomedicinal surveys. Tannins in the bark provide a mechanistic rationale for gastroprotective/astringent effects on gastric mucosa.

• punarnavaTraditional

  Punarnava is described as a 'stomachic' herb in Ayurvedic and traditional pharmacopeias, with leaves used as appetizers and roots for digestive strengthening. It is traditionally indicated for gastritis, dyspepsia, indigestion, and abdominal pain. An in vitro spasmolytic effect on guinea pig ileum via smooth muscle action provides limited pharmacological basis.

• purslaneTraditional

  Purslane is used traditionally across Asia, Europe, and the Middle East for stomach pain, gastric inflammation, and digestive complaints. Animal studies demonstrate gastroprotective and antiulcerogenic activity. Flavonoids provide mucosal protection, and mucilage soothes gastric lining. No human RCTs for stomach-specific outcomes were identified.

• quercetinTraditional

  Quercetin-containing plants (e.g., onions, chamomile, St. John's Wort) have traditional use for gastric complaints including ulcers and gastritis across various herbal medicine traditions. Preclinical studies in animal models confirm quercetin exerts gastroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in gastric mucosa. Direct human clinical RCT evidence specifically for quercetin's effect on gastric ulcers or gastroprotection is absent.

• raspberryTraditional

  Raspberry leaf and fruit have traditional uses for stomach complaints including indigestion, nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps across Native American and European herbal medicine. The astringent tannins and antispasmodic properties of the leaf are proposed mechanisms. Raspberry tea was used for stomach problems historically. No human clinical trials with gastric endpoints have been published for raspberry.

• roseTraditional

  Rosa damascena has documented traditional use specifically for stomach pain and digestive complaints in Persian, Ayurvedic, and Lebanese folk medicine. Traditional preparations include rose petal tea, rose water, and rose petal jam as carminative and stomach-soothing remedies. A notable advantage is that rosehip's anti-inflammatory mechanisms do not cause gastric irritation unlike NSAIDs.

• rose hipsTraditional

  Rose hip is documented in European, German, and folk herbal traditions as a stomach tonic for gastric spasms, acid insufficiency, irritation, ulcers, and intestinal inflammation. RxList specifically states this. The mucilaginous, astringent, and anti-inflammatory constituents of rose hip provide mechanistic plausibility for gastric protection.

• rosemaryTraditional

  Rosemary is recognized by the EMA as a traditional herbal medicine for dyspeptic complaints and GI spasm. European and Mediterranean traditional medicine has documented its use for heartburn, nausea, gastric sluggishness, and loss of appetite for centuries, with regulatory-level recognition from both the EMA and German Commission E.

• rosmarinic acidTraditional

  Rosmarinic acid-containing plants (rosemary, lemon balm, mint, sage) have well-documented traditional use across European and Asian herbal medicine for gastric complaints including dyspepsia, gastric cramps, and gastritis. The EMA recognizes rosemary in traditional herbal medicine for mild digestive complaints. Preclinical gastroprotective evidence supports these traditional uses.

• saffronTraditional

  Saffron has a documented history of use in Persian, Ayurvedic, and other traditional medicine systems as a digestive aid, carminative, and gastric tonic for conditions including indigestion, nausea, and gastric spasms. Traditional monographs record its use for stimulating appetite and soothing gastric discomfort. Clinical RCT-level evidence specific to stomach-focused outcomes is not yet established.

• sageTraditional

  European traditional medicine and Commission E recognize sage for mild gastric complaints including dyspepsia, heartburn, and bloating. Sage's carminative, antispasmodic, and astringent properties are credited with relieving gastric discomfort. No dedicated human RCTs for gastric conditions could be identified.

• schisandrinsTraditional

  MSKCC documents schisandra's traditional Chinese medicine use for 'stomach disorders.' TCM pharmacopeias describe Wu Wei Zi as used for stomach and GI complaints. Schisandrin A shows protective effects in intestinal epithelial cells preclinically, but no human gastric/stomach RCTs have been published.

• sclerotiumTraditional

  In TCM, Poria cocos sclerotium is classified as a herb that 'harmonizes the stomach' and is prescribed for chronic gastritis, poor appetite, nausea, and digestive weakness. Modern preclinical data on gastric effects are limited, but traditional documentation is extensive.

• sesameTraditional

  Sesame has documented traditional use for stomach ulcers in multiple traditional medicine systems. RxList and WebMD list stomach ulcers among sesame's traditional uses. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of sesame lignans and oil could mechanistically reduce gastric mucosal oxidative injury, but controlled human clinical trials for peptic ulcer outcomes are absent.

• sheep's sorrelTraditional

  Traditional herbalism has employed sheep's sorrel for stomach complaints including indigestion, loss of appetite, and stomach ulcers. The plant's sour taste was considered appetite-stimulating, and its astringent tannins gastroprotective. Genus-level animal studies show ulcer protection.

• shen-chuTraditional

  Shen-chu is one of TCM's principal herbs for 'harmonizing the Stomach,' documented across all major classical materia medica. It enters the Stomach meridian, promotes gastric acid secretion, increases gastric emptying rate, and is used for epigastric pain, bloating, and indigestion in countless classical formulas.

• shepherd's purseTraditional

  Shepherd's purse is documented for stomach conditions including gastritis, gastric ulceration, and internal gastric bleeding across Russian, Chinese, and North American folk medicine. The 1969 Kuroda and Takagi animal study confirmed anti-ulcer activity. Grieve documented it as beneficial for hemorrhage from the stomach. Astringent and anti-inflammatory actions protect gastric mucosa.

• shiitake mushroomTraditional

  Traditional East Asian medicine has used shiitake for thousands of years to strengthen Stomach function, addressing poor appetite and digestive weakness. Shiitake's prebiotic fibers support the gastrointestinal environment. Lentinan has been clinically used in Japan specifically as an adjunct in stomach cancer therapy, the only clinical use linked to this organ.

• sichuan pepperTraditional

  Stomach ache, dyspepsia, and gastric cold conditions are among the most consistently documented traditional indications of Z. bungeanum across all classical TCM pharmacopoeias and modern systematic reviews. Modern preclinical data support gastric motility, secretion stimulation, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

• slippery elmTraditional

  Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) inner bark has a long North American and Ayurvedic traditional use for soothing stomach and gastrointestinal irritation. Its mucilage absorbs water to form a viscous gel that coats mucosal surfaces. It has been used for heartburn, indigestion, gastritis, and hyperacidity.

• slippery elm barkTraditional

  Slippery elm has one of its most documented traditional roles in stomach health, used for gastritis, ulcers, acid excess, and stomach upset. The NIH LiverTox monograph confirms it may coat irritated or ulcered gastric mucosa. The FDA recognizes it as an oral demulcent. Multi-ingredient clinical studies have shown gastric symptom relief.

• solomon's sealTraditional

  The stomach is a primary organ target of Solomon's seal in TCM, where nourishing stomach yin is a canonical function of P. odoratum. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia and multiple TCM references record its use for stomach dryness, irritation, and discomfort.

• sphaeranthus indicusTraditional

  Traditional Ayurvedic use of S. indicus for gastropathy, dyspepsia, and digestive ailments is well-documented. The plant's aromatic essential oils and Ayurvedic classification as a digestive herb underpin this relationship.

• star of bethlehemTraditional

  The stomach — specifically centred on the pylorus — is the primary organ of action in classical homeopathic prescribing of Ornithogalum umbellatum. Boericke's Materia Medica designates the pylorus as the 'center of action,' describing painful contractions, gastric ulceration, distension, vomiting, and epigastric pain as key stomach symptoms. This body system link is among the most consistently documented in the homeopathic tradition.

• thymeTraditional

  Thyme has long-documented traditional use for stomach complaints including indigestion, gastric spasm, gastritis, and gastric ulcers across European and North African herbal medicine. The antispasmodic action of thymol on gastric smooth muscle and antimicrobial activity against H. pylori provide mechanistic support. No controlled clinical trials in stomach-specific conditions have been conducted with thyme as a primary intervention.

• trichosanthesTraditional

  Trichosanthis Fructus is attributed to the stomach meridian in TCM, indicated for patterns of stomach heat causing thirst, epigastric discomfort, and abdominal stagnation. T. dioica is used in Ayurveda and ethnomedicine for gastrointestinal complaints including gastric conditions. T. tricuspidata demonstrated anti-gastritis activity in an animal model.

• triphalaTraditional

  Triphala is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula) with centuries of use for GI health including stomach complaints. It promotes gastric epithelial health, exerts enteroprotective effects, and is frequently used for hyperacidity and gastric mucosal complaints in Ayurvedic medicine.

• wasabiTraditional

  Wasabi has been consumed with raw fish in Japan for over 1000 years as an antimicrobial food preservative, protecting against food-borne gastric pathogens. Animal studies have shown wasabi suppresses MNNG-induced gastric carcinogenesis. Traditional use centers on stomach protection via wasabi's antimicrobial and anti-carcinogenic properties.

• watercressTraditional

  Watercress is classified as a 'stomachic' in traditional herbal medicine across European, Middle Eastern, and Asian traditions, used to stimulate appetite, promote gastric secretion, and relieve abdominal discomfort. Turkish folk medicine records use for abdominal pain. Traditional Iranian and European herbalism document its digestive tonic properties.

• wheat grassTraditional

  Wheatgrass is traditionally used for gastric conditions including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and general stomach discomfort. Digestive enzymes and chlorophyll's anti-inflammatory properties provide mechanistic rationale. No RCT exists for gastric endpoints.

• white oakTraditional

  White oak bark has traditional use for gastric conditions including gastritis, poor digestion, and loss of appetite. Its bitter compounds stimulate digestive secretion and its tannins reduce mucosal irritation. The 2020 PMC Quercus review lists gastric ulcer treatment among documented traditional uses.

• wild yamTraditional

  Wild yam has been used in herbal medicine for stomach complaints including gastric upset, colic, dyspepsia, and nausea for centuries. Its antispasmodic action on gastric smooth muscle is documented across Eclectic and European herbal traditions. No controlled clinical trial evidence exists for stomach-specific outcomes.

• wood betonyTraditional

  The stomach is a primary organ affinity for wood betony in traditional herbalism—it is classified as a stomachic, bitter tonic, and antispasmodic for the stomach, with documented use for heartburn, dyspepsia, stomach cramps, and nausea.

• xanthium (cockleburs)Traditional

  Gastric ulcer is among the enumerated Chinese Pharmacopoeia indications for X. strumarium, and preclinical evidence from a gastritis mouse model supports gastroprotective activity via NF-κB pathway suppression. Traditional use as a stomachic and digestive aid is documented across Indian, Chinese, and North American ethnomedicine.

• yellow rootTraditional

  Yellow Root has extensive traditional documentation as a stomach remedy — used for stomach ulcers, gastritis, dyspepsia, and general gastric discomfort across multiple cultural traditions. This is one of its best-documented folk indications.

• yerba mateTraditional

  Yerba mate has longstanding traditional use across South America (particularly among Guaraní and other indigenous groups) as a stomach tonic, remedy for indigestion, nausea, and stomach pain. Modern science confirms it stimulates gastric secretion and motility via caffeine content, but no human clinical trials specifically address stomach disease endpoints.