Blood

These ingredients are often used in alternative medicine to support blood.

• activated charcoalScientific

  By adsorbing uremic toxin precursors in the gut, oral activated charcoal measurably reduces concentrations of circulating blood markers including serum indoxyl sulfate, urea, and phosphorus in CKD/ESRD patients. In cholesterol trials, AC significantly lowers LDL-cholesterol and raises the HDL/LDL ratio in blood. In poisoning contexts, AC prevents drug or toxin entry into the bloodstream from the GI tract.

• adzuki beanScientific

  Adzuki bean provides dietary iron, folate, and copper—key nutritional factors for red blood cell production and hemoglobin synthesis. Traditional East Asian and Ayurvedic medicine classifies adzuki bean as a blood-building food, especially for women. The nutritional composition is scientifically documented; dedicated hematological intervention trials are lacking.

• ajoeneScientific

  Ajoene acts directly on human blood platelets, inhibiting aggregation induced by all known agonists through allosteric blockade of GPIIb/IIIa and suppression of thromboxane A2 synthesis. It has been studied in human platelet-rich plasma, whole blood perfusion chambers, and in vivo animal models, establishing it as one of the best-characterised natural antiplatelet agents.

• ALA (alpha-linolenic acid)Scientific

  ALA improves the blood lipid profile by reducing triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, and exerts anti-platelet effects that reduce thrombotic risk. It also reduces systemic inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, TNF-α) measurable in blood.

• alfalfaScientific

  Alfalfa contains significant vitamin K (essential for coagulation factor synthesis), iron, and chlorophyll that directly interact with blood composition and coagulation. Its vitamin K content is sufficient to affect anticoagulant medication effectiveness, a clinically documented pharmacological interaction.

• algal oilScientific

  Algal oil DHA modifies blood lipid profiles, platelet function, and inflammatory markers in blood. Clinical RCTs consistently show triglyceride lowering and HDL elevation; DHA also inhibits platelet aggregation and reduces oxidative stress in circulating lipoproteins. Algal oil bioequivalence with fish oil for raising plasma DHA+EPA levels is confirmed.

• alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrinScientific

  Isoquercitrin demonstrates anti-anaphylactic cardiovascular effects in animal models, including blunting of anaphylaxis-associated hemodynamic instability. Quercetin-class flavonoids possess antiplatelet properties relevant to blood clot prevention. AGIQ is metabolized in blood to quercetin glucuronides, which circulate systemically and exert antioxidant protection of blood components.

• amaranthScientific

  Amaranth directly supports blood health through its rich iron content (for hemoglobin synthesis), copper content (for red blood cell production), vitamin K content (for coagulation factors), and vitamin C content (enhancing iron absorption). An observational study found regular amaranth consumption decreased anemia prevalence and increased hemoglobin levels in children. Traditional use as a hematinic spans multiple cultures.

• anchoviesScientific

  Anchovies are rich in iron (supporting hemoglobin synthesis and oxygen transport), vitamin B12 (required for red blood cell maturation), and EPA/DHA (with well-documented antithrombotic effects on platelets). These nutrients collectively support red blood cell formation and healthy blood flow dynamics.

• anemarrhena asphodeloidesScientific

  Anemarrhena saponins demonstrate direct anti-platelet aggregation and anti-hemolysis effects in human blood. Multiple saponin compounds inhibit platelet aggregation, and timosaponin AIII targets the thromboxane A2 receptor, providing mechanistic basis for anticoagulant activity relevant to blood health.

• annattoScientific

  Annatto bioactives exert multiple effects on blood composition: bixin and tocotrienols reduce LDL oxidation, lower serum lipids, reduce inflammatory cytokines, and modulate miRNAs associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Bixin also displays platelet anti-aggregant activity in preclinical studies. Human studies confirm improvements in multiple blood biomarkers across RCTs.

• anthocyaninsScientific

  Multiple human RCTs and meta-analyses confirm that anthocyanins beneficially modify blood lipid profiles—notably lowering LDL-C and raising HDL-C—and reduce circulating inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-α) relevant to cardiovascular blood health. Evidence also supports reduced platelet aggregation and, to a lesser extent, improvements in endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Effects on blood pressure remain inconsistent across trials. Overall evidence is graded as clinically meaningful but not yet sufficient for formal therapeutic recommendations.

• appleScientific

  Apple polyphenols influence blood lipid composition (reducing LDL, total cholesterol, and modestly affecting HDL and triglycerides) and platelet aggregation. Quercetin inhibits platelet activation and LDL oxidation in human ex vivo studies, with relevance to thrombotic and atherogenic risk.

• apple cider vinegarScientific

  ACV has demonstrated effects on blood-borne parameters including fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, serum total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides across multiple meta-analyses of clinical trials. Antioxidant markers in blood (DPPH, MDA) have also been significantly improved in RCTs.

• aronia melanocarpaScientific

  Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry) has been investigated in multiple human clinical trials for its effects on blood-related parameters including blood pressure, lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL), blood glucose, and oxidative stress markers in erythrocytes. Individual RCTs and controlled trials have reported significant reductions in systolic/diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol, particularly in populations with metabolic syndrome or cardiovascular risk. However, a 2025 meta-analysis of RCTs concluded that chokeberry supplementation did not significantly improve cardiometabolic outcomes in the general adult population, with only limited evidence for benefits in specific subgroups, accompanied by a high risk of bias across studies.

• artichokeScientific

  Artichoke demonstrably reduces circulating atherogenic lipids (total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides) and raises HDL in blood—effects confirmed by meta-analyses of multiple RCTs. Artichoke also reduces circulating inflammatory markers (hs-CRP), fasting blood glucose, and HOMA-IR. Its antioxidant polyphenols reduce circulating oxidized LDL and lipid peroxidation products (MDA) in plasma.

• ascorbyl palmitateScientific

  Ascorbyl palmitate acts as a lipid-phase antioxidant on erythrocyte (red blood cell) membranes. In vitro studies show it binds dose-dependently to the outer erythrocyte membrane surface, protects membrane alpha-tocopherol from oxidation, and partially shields membrane lipids from peroxidative damage. It has also been cited in connection with oxidative stress-related conditions including anemia.

• ashitabaScientific

  Ashitaba chalcone XA inhibits platelet aggregation in vivo and reduces PAI-1 to maintain fibrinolytic balance in mouse models. Traditional Japanese use described ashitaba as a 'blood purifier.' A human bioavailability study showed ashitaba ingestion raised plasma antioxidant capacity, with implications for oxidative protection of blood components.

• ashwagandhaScientific

  Clinical data indicate ashwagandha can improve hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts, particularly in children. A preliminary human study found improvements in hemoglobin and RBC in pediatric populations. HDL cholesterol improvements in clinical trials also reflect favorable effects on blood lipid composition.

• astaxanthinScientific

  Astaxanthin protects erythrocyte phospholipids from peroxidation (documented in a British Journal of Nutrition human study), reduces circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and significantly improves lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL) in human RCTs. These combined effects represent meaningful modulation of blood composition and quality.

• astragalusScientific

  Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) has a well-documented relationship with the blood system, rooted in both millennia of Traditional Chinese Medicine use and a growing body of preclinical and early clinical evidence. Its principal bioactive constituent, astragalus polysaccharide (APS), has been shown to promote hematopoiesis and thrombopoiesis by stimulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell proliferation and inhibiting their apoptosis. Human clinical data, while preliminary, suggest adjunctive astragalus injection improves outcomes in aplastic anemia versus standard treatment alone.

• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)Scientific

  Circulating ATP is rapidly taken up by red blood cells (erythrocytes), which act as a reservoir and are central to ATP's role in regulating blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. Animal and human infusion studies show that erythrocyte ATP concentrations increase following intravenous ATP administration. Chronic oral ATP supplementation in animal models increases nucleoside uptake by red blood cells and enhances intracellular ATP synthesis within erythrocytes, even without elevation of plasma ATP.

• bambooScientific

  Bamboo extracts reduce pro-inflammatory and atherogenic blood markers including MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and circulating lipids (LDL-c, triglycerides, total cholesterol). Bamboo shoot peptides affect ACE activity and NO levels in blood. Bamboo also has traditional blood-stopping (hemostatic) uses in Ayurveda and TCM.

• banabaScientific

  Banaba affects blood composition through its primary actions on blood glucose and lipid levels, with small human trials showing significant reductions in fasting blood glucose. Antioxidant effects include protection against lipid peroxidation in blood. Antithrombotic activity has been noted in preliminary evidence. Blood lipid (cholesterol, triglyceride) regulation by corosolic acid is documented in preclinical literature.

• bananaScientific

  Banana provides potassium, magnesium, iron, and vitamin B6 that support blood cell production and electrolyte homeostasis. Potassium is the primary intracellular cation, maintaining red blood cell osmotic integrity. Banana antioxidants reduce oxidative stress on erythrocytes. Banana has been used traditionally to support blood health in multiple ethnopharmacological traditions.

• baobabScientific

  Baobab's relevance to blood health centers on its role in iron metabolism. A clinical study demonstrated an approximately 84% increase in non-heme iron absorption when baobab was co-consumed with a porridge meal, attributed to its high vitamin C content which converts ferric iron to bioavailable ferrous iron. Baobab also provides intrinsic dietary iron (approximately 1.3–5.7 mg/100 g pulp). This supports red blood cell production and hemoglobin synthesis, with direct implications for preventing iron-deficiency anemia.

• beef proteinScientific

  Beef provides highly bioavailable heme iron essential for hemoglobin synthesis and red blood cell production. Clinical trials have evaluated beef consumption for iron status in iron-deficient women, supporting beef protein's relevance to blood health.

• beetScientific

  Beetroot influences blood composition through multiple pathways: nitrate raises plasma nitrite and NO, supporting red blood cell and vascular function; iron and folate content supports erythropoiesis; betaine reduces homocysteine—an independent cardiovascular blood biomarker. Small clinical studies show improvements in hemoglobin and hematological parameters.

• belleric myrobalanScientific

  The comprehensive ScienceDirect review (2020) catalogs antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and thrombolytic activities among established pharmacological properties of T. bellirica. The clinical CKD trial assessed platelet aggregation as a secondary outcome. Traditional Ayurvedic use classifies the herb as a blood purifier. Uric acid reduction may reduce vascular inflammation relevant to blood vessel health.

• berberineScientific

  Berberine has strong clinical evidence for modifying blood lipid profiles, reducing LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, and modestly raising HDL. It also lowers fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in diabetic patients. These effects are documented across multiple RCTs and meta-analyses.

• beta and delta tocopherolsScientific

  Mixed tocopherols containing delta and gamma forms inhibit platelet aggregation in humans more effectively than alpha-tocopherol alone, by increasing nitric oxide release and eNOS activation in platelets. A randomized human trial demonstrated that 40 mg delta-tocopherol (as part of mixed tocopherols) per day for 8 weeks significantly reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation. These effects have implications for thrombosis prevention and blood rheology.

• beta-caroteneScientific

  Beta-carotene has a well-documented relationship with the blood system, primarily through its antioxidant activity within red blood cells (RBCs) and its association with cardiovascular blood-vessel health. Research demonstrates it inhibits lipid peroxidation and hemoglobin oxidation in human erythrocytes, and epidemiological data links higher plasma beta-carotene levels to reduced cardiovascular disease and stroke mortality. However, high-dose supplementation trials (ATBC, CARET) have not confirmed protective cardiovascular benefits and may carry risks, highlighting a distinction between dietary intake and supplementation.

• beta-glucanScientific

  Beta-glucan modulates leukocyte populations in peripheral blood and exerts antioxidant effects on red blood cell-related parameters under inflammatory conditions. Supplementation with both high- and low-MW oat beta-glucan fractions produces measurable changes in lymphocyte subsets and reduces lipid peroxidation in blood. Oral beta-glucan also primes circulating monocytes and neutrophils via trained immunity.

• betaineScientific

  Betaine's most consistently demonstrated action occurs in blood: it reliably lowers plasma homocysteine concentration. A meta-analysis of RCTs found supplementation of 4–6 g/day reduces plasma homocysteine by ~1.23 µmol/L (~11.8%) in healthy adults. It also raises plasma methionine. At doses ≥4 g/day, betaine increases blood LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol, representing a countervailing effect on circulating lipids.

• bicarbonateScientific

  Sodium bicarbonate is the principal extracellular buffer of the blood and is used clinically to correct metabolic acidosis, raising blood pH and serum bicarbonate concentration. In CKD patients, oral supplementation significantly raises plasma bicarbonate. IV sodium bicarbonate is used in acute metabolic acidosis, cardiac arrest, and toxicological emergencies.

• bilberryScientific

  Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) contains anthocyanins—particularly delphinidins and cyanidins—that have demonstrated measurable effects on multiple blood parameters in human studies, including blood glucose, lipid profiles, platelet aggregation, and circulating microvesicles. Human trials show reductions in LDL cholesterol, HbA1c, and triglycerides in subjects with dyslipidemia or type 2 diabetes, as well as inhibition of platelet aggregation. Evidence is promising but heterogeneous, with some rigorous trials failing to replicate lipid-lowering effects, and larger confirmatory RCTs are still needed.

• black cuminScientific

  N. sativa significantly improves multiple blood parameters in human trials including reduction of blood glucose (FBG, HbA1c), improvement of lipid profile (TC, LDL, HDL, TG), and reduction of inflammatory markers (CRP). Anti-anaemic properties and effects on total antioxidant capacity in blood have also been documented.

• black pepperScientific

  Piperine enhances absorption of iron and other blood-relevant micronutrients, potentially supporting red blood cell health. Clinical evidence also documents piperine's effects on blood lipid profiles and inflammatory blood markers including CRP. Antithrombotic activity has been identified in silico.

• black teaScientific

  Black tea consumption is associated with improved blood antioxidant status, modest LDL cholesterol reduction in plasma, and modulation of platelet aggregation in clinical studies. The 12-week RCT found improved plasma antioxidant potential. Platelet aggregation and hemostasis markers have been studied in multiple RCTs, though results are inconsistent.

• bladderwrackScientific

  Fucoidan from bladderwrack exhibits documented antithrombin and anticoagulant activity via heparin cofactor II and antithrombin III interaction in blood coagulation assays. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. These are in vitro and ex vivo human blood data; no anticoagulant clinical trials exist.

• blueberryScientific

  Blueberry anthocyanins modulate circulating blood biomarkers including inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, lipids, glucose, and platelet function. Human RCTs confirm reductions in circulating TNF-α, IL-6, ROS, triglycerides, LDL, glucose, and HbA1c.

• bovine heartScientific

  Bovine heart provides heme iron and vitamin B12, the two most critical hematopoietic nutrients. Heme iron has 25–30% bioavailability vs. 2–10% for plant iron; B12 at ~8.55 µg/100 g supports erythropoiesis and prevents megaloblastic anemia. Both are scientifically established as essential for normal blood formation.

• bovine kidneyScientific

  Bovine kidney supplies heme iron, vitamin B12, and selenium—all with well-characterized roles in blood cell formation and function. Heme iron is the cofactor of hemoglobin; B12 is required for erythroblast DNA synthesis and maturation; selenium protects erythrocytes from oxidative destruction. These nutrient roles in hematopoiesis are supported by extensive clinical evidence.

• bovine liverScientific

  Bovine liver directly supports blood system health via heme iron (hemoglobin synthesis), B12 and folate (erythropoiesis and DNA synthesis in red blood cell precursors), and copper (iron metabolism regulation). These are the three primary nutritional substrates for red blood cell production and quality.

• bromelainScientific

  Bromelain has documented effects on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, reducing serum fibrinogen, inhibiting platelet aggregation, prolonging PT and APTT, and stimulating plasminogen-to-plasmin conversion. It is absorbed intact into the bloodstream where it remains biologically active. PMC reviews and PubMed-indexed studies confirm its role as a fibrinolytic and antithrombotic agent in blood.

• brown rice proteinScientific

  Antioxidant peptides identified from brown rice protein hydrolysates (Ile-Tyr, Leu-Tyr, Val-Tyr, Tyr-Leu-Ala) showed strong scavenging of ROO· and ABTS·+ radicals and significantly protected human erythrocytes against AAPH-induced oxidative damage in vitro (ACS Omega, 2020). Brown rice protein's cysteine content also supports glutathione synthesis, which protects red blood cells from oxidative hemolysis.

• brussel sproutsScientific

  Brussels sprouts support blood health through vitamin K (essential for coagulation factor activation), folate (required for erythrocyte production and prevention of megaloblastic anemia), and vitamin C (enhances non-heme iron absorption from plant foods).

• cabbageScientific

  Cabbage provides vitamin K1 (essential for coagulation factor activation), folate (required for red blood cell formation and DNA synthesis), vitamin C (enhances non-heme iron absorption), and iron itself. These nutrients collectively support blood clotting, red blood cell synthesis, and prevention of iron-deficiency anemia.

• caesalpinia cristaScientific

  C. crista extracts demonstrated protection of erythrocyte (red blood cell) membranes against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in preclinical studies. Hypolipidemic effects on blood lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL/HDL) and hypoglycemic effects on blood glucose are well documented in animal studies.

• calamari oilScientific

  DHA and EPA from calamari oil modulate blood lipid profiles (primarily triglyceride reduction) and platelet function (antithrombotic effects). A meta-analysis of 15 RCTs confirmed omega-3 PUFA inhibition of platelet aggregation. DHA specifically reduces platelet aggregation and procoagulant activity in human clinical studies.

• camu camuScientific

  Camu camu's vitamin C significantly enhances non-heme iron absorption from plant foods — a major determinant of iron status and prevention of iron-deficiency anemia. Animal studies also showed antigenotoxic protection of blood cells from DNA damage. Vitamin C supports white blood cell function, including neutrophil and lymphocyte activity, as components of the blood-based immune system.

• carrotScientific

  Carrot bioactives including beta-carotene, falcarinol, and falcarindiol modulate blood composition through antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiplatelet effects documented in human ex vivo studies. Carrot juice raises total antioxidant status in human blood and modulates inflammatory cytokine profiles.

• cat's clawScientific

  Cat's claw has documented effects on blood cells, including antiplatelet activity, thrombin inhibition, and stimulation of myeloid progenitor cell proliferation demonstrated in peer-reviewed studies. A clinical trial showed it reduced chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and restored white blood cell counts. Traditional use as a 'blood purifier' is well-documented.

• catalaseScientific

  Catalase is the predominant H₂O₂-removing enzyme in human erythrocytes, protecting red blood cells from oxidative hemolysis. Erythrocyte catalase activity serves as a clinical biomarker for multiple disease states, and acatalasemia—inherited catalase deficiency—is associated with anemia and altered red blood cell function.

• catechinsScientific

  Catechins improve multiple blood biomarkers: they reduce fasting blood glucose, lower triglycerides, modestly reduce LDL oxidation and total cholesterol, and lower systemic inflammatory markers including CRP. These effects have been documented in RCTs and meta-analyses.

• catjang cowpeaScientific

  Catjang cowpea is a significant source of iron and folate, both essential for erythropoiesis. Bioaccessibility studies show meaningful iron availability especially with pressure cooking. Traditional systems also value cowpea as a blood-building food for anemic and pregnant individuals.

• cauliflowerScientific

  Cauliflower provides folate, which is essential for red blood cell production (erythropoiesis), and vitamin K for blood coagulation. Folate deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia; vitamin K is required for synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.

• cayenne pepperScientific

  Capsaicin promotes fibrinolytic activity (observed in Thai populations with daily cayenne intake), has mild anticoagulant-like properties reducing platelet aggregation, and has demonstrated effects on blood lipids (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides) in human RCTs. These haematological and vascular effects converge on reduced cardiovascular risk.

• chaff flowerScientific

  A. aspera shows thrombolytic activity (clot lysis) in vitro and is used in traditional medicine for blood clotting disorders and to promote circulation. Chinese medicine classifies it as promoting blood circulation to remove stasis.

• cherryScientific

  Tart cherry juice reduces serum uric acid (relevant to gout and hyperuricemia), lowers LDL cholesterol and CRP in blood, reduces MDA and oxidized LDL, and increases melatonin metabolites in urine. These blood-level changes are documented in multiple human RCTs and meta-analyses.

• chickpea proteinScientific

  Chickpeas provide non-heme iron, folate, and vitamin B6 necessary for haemoglobin synthesis and red blood cell production. Dietary studies document improved haemoglobin levels in anaemia-prone populations consuming chickpea-enriched diets. Iron bioavailability is modulated by phytate content and processing method.

• chinese salvia rootScientific

  Chinese Salvia Root (Danshen, Salvia miltiorrhiza) has an extensively documented relationship with blood, rooted in over 2,000 years of TCM use and supported by modern pharmacological and clinical evidence. Its core actions include promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and exerting anticoagulant and vasodilatory effects. Since 2000, at least 39 clinical trials involving a total of over 2,400 patients have examined its use in cardiovascular and blood-stasis-related conditions. Active constituents—tanshinones and salvianolic acids—are the primary drivers of these hematological effects.

• chlorellaScientific

  Chlorella is rich in iron, folate, and vitamin B12—key nutrients for hematopoiesis. Clinical evidence in pregnant women demonstrates that chlorella supplementation significantly reduces the incidence of anemia. Meta-analyses also show effects on blood lipid and glucose profiles.

• chlorophyllScientific

  Chlorophyll derivatives — particularly sodium iron chlorophyllin (SIC) — have documented clinical evidence supporting blood health, primarily in the context of iron-deficiency and renal anemia. A Phase IV multicenter RCT across 31 hospitals found significant hemoglobin increases in adults and children treated with SIC-containing Shengxuening (SXN) tablets, with an overall effective rate of 84.8%. A 2022 meta-analysis of 39 trials (4,562 cases) further supports SXN's efficacy for iron-deficiency anemia. However, standard plant chlorophyll (containing magnesium, not iron) lacks robust human clinical evidence for directly raising hemoglobin or red blood cell counts.

• chokeberryScientific

  Chokeberry extract reduces platelet aggregation, clot formation, and fibrinolysis potential in human clinical trials in metabolic syndrome patients. In vitro studies confirm inhibition of thrombin and plasmin activity. Effects on haematological markers in athletes (iron metabolism, total antioxidant status) are also documented in human trials.

• cinnamonScientific

  Cinnamon supplementation has significant effects on blood composition: it reduces fasting and postprandial glucose, HbA1c, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, and CRP in blood, and increases total antioxidant capacity. These effects are confirmed across multiple RCT meta-analyses.

• cissus quadrangularisScientific

  Multiple human RCTs have demonstrated that CQ supplementation significantly modifies blood biochemistry parameters—including fasting glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and oxidative stress markers (TBARS, carbonyls)—in overweight and obese participants. These blood-level changes represent the primary evidence base for CQ's metabolic effects.

• citrus pectinScientific

  Modified citrus pectin reaches the bloodstream after intestinal absorption and directly chelates heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic) in circulation, increasing their urinary excretion. MCP also inhibits circulating galectin-3, a blood-borne inflammatory mediator. Human trials confirm blood-level reductions in lead by up to 161% with MCP.

• cloveScientific

  Eugenol from clove inhibits platelet aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human platelets, documented in a PMC pharmacological review. This antiplatelet activity has anticoagulant implications for blood fluidity.

• cocoaScientific

  Cocoa flavanols reduce platelet aggregation, decrease LDL oxidation susceptibility, and increase serum antioxidant capacity, positively affecting blood composition. Clinical trials show cocoa augments antiplatelet drug effects and reduces oxidized LDL and inflammatory biomarkers circulating in blood.

• cod liver oilScientific

  Cod liver oil EPA and DHA modify platelet membrane phospholipid composition, reducing platelet aggregation and thromboxane A2 generation. Studies document significantly prolonged bleeding time with CLO supplementation. Omega-3s also reduce blood triglycerides and modestly affect LDL/HDL balance.

• coleus forskohliiScientific

  Forskolin inhibits platelet aggregation in human platelet in vitro experiments via cAMP elevation, reducing TxA2-driven activation and PAF-receptor signaling. This antiplatelet activity is well-established at the laboratory level. No human clinical trials have tested thrombosis prevention outcomes.

• collardScientific

  Collard greens provide folate essential for erythrocyte DNA synthesis (deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia), iron for hemoglobin formation, and vitamin C which enhances non-heme iron absorption. Vitamin K in collards is a key cofactor for synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X in the coagulation cascade.

• commiphoraScientific

  Commiphora mukul guggulsterones inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce lipid peroxidation in human serum. The 1994 Singh et al. RCT documented significant antioxidant effects on blood lipid peroxide levels. Traditional TCM use for blood stagnation is also well documented.

• copperScientific

  Copper is scientifically established as essential for healthy blood production. It is required for normal iron metabolism and red blood cell (RBC) formation; deficiency produces a microcytic, hypochromic anemia unresponsive to iron therapy but corrected by copper supplementation. The key mechanism involves ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent ferroxidase that oxidizes ferrous iron so it can bind transferrin for delivery to erythroid precursors in the bone marrow. Mendelian randomization data from large human cohorts further support a causal, protective role of higher blood copper levels against iron-deficiency anemia.

• coptis chinensisScientific

  Berberine from Coptis chinensis influences blood composition through documented effects on blood glucose, lipid profiles (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL), and inflammatory markers. TCM also records use for bleeding disorders (hematemesis, nosebleed) in classical texts.

• cornScientific

  Corn silk has documented effects on multiple blood parameters in clinical and preclinical studies, including blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and blood pressure markers. Human RCT-based evidence for blood lipid improvement and blood pressure reduction is available. Antioxidant effects also reduce blood oxidative stress markers.

• cottonseed oilScientific

  CSO dietary enrichment has demonstrated measurable effects on blood composition in clinical trials, including reductions in LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, and changes in postprandial plasma glucose and ANGPTL proteins. Coagulation markers tissue factor and TNF-α were also reduced in a 5-day RCT. These findings collectively indicate CSO exerts significant effects on circulating blood lipids, inflammatory proteins, and coagulation factors.

• cuminScientific

  Cumin is one of the richest plant-based sources of iron and directly supports hemoglobin synthesis. Clinical RCTs show cumin favorably modifies blood lipid fractions (LDL, HDL, triglycerides) and reduces inflammatory blood markers (TNF-α, hsCRP). Cumin's antioxidants also protect blood lipoproteins from oxidation.

• curcuminScientific

  Curcumin has well-documented, clinically studied effects on several blood-related parameters, including blood lipids, blood glucose, platelet function, and coagulation. Multiple RCT-based meta-analyses demonstrate statistically significant reductions in triglycerides, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c. Curcumin also exhibits antiplatelet and anticoagulant properties at the molecular level, supported by both in vitro and in vivo evidence, though direct human clinical data on coagulation endpoints remain more limited.

• currantScientific

  Blackcurrant anthocyanins reduce platelet aggregation in human trials and improve lipid profiles. High vitamin C content supports iron absorption. Anti-inflammatory effects reduce circulating TNF-α and CRP. A crossover RCT showed a trend toward inhibition of agonist-induced platelet aggregation with a blackcurrant beverage.

• d-alpha tocopherolScientific

  Alpha-tocopherol is involved in protecting red blood cell membranes from oxidative hemolysis, and at pharmacological doses inhibits platelet aggregation and vitamin K–dependent coagulation factor activation. In CKD patients, vitamin E supplementation and vitamin E–coated dialyzers have demonstrated hematological benefits including reduced erythropoietin requirements.

• danshenScientific

  Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) has a well-documented relationship with Blood in both TCM and modern science. Traditionally classified as a 'blood-moving' herb that removes blood stasis, it is also supported by clinical and pharmacological evidence showing antiplatelet, anticoagulant, vasodilatory, and microcirculation-enhancing effects. Multiple clinical trials and meta-analyses have evaluated danshen preparations in coronary heart disease and heart failure, though overall evidence quality remains limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous preparations.

• DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)Scientific

  DHA has robust human clinical evidence supporting its role in improving blood lipid profiles, primarily through lowering circulating triglycerides and modestly raising HDL cholesterol. It also inhibits platelet activity and reduces platelet procoagulant activity, contributing to antithrombotic effects. Multiple RCTs and systematic reviews confirm these blood-related benefits, with dose-dependent effects observed at 1–4 g/day.

• docosahexaenoic acidScientific

  DHA modulates blood lipid composition (reducing triglycerides, raising HDL, shifting LDL particle size), reduces platelet activation and thrombogenicity, decreases F2-isoprostanes in erythrocytes, and modulates erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition. DHA supplementation also modulates blood cell gene expression.

• dong quaiScientific

  Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis) has an extensive traditional role in TCM as a 'blood tonic,' used to nourish blood, improve circulation, and address anemia-like 'blood deficiency.' Preclinical and in vitro research substantiates several blood-relevant pharmacological mechanisms—hematopoietic stimulation, antiplatelet activity, and vasodilation—driven by active constituents ferulic acid, ligustilide, and Angelica sinensis polysaccharides (ASP). However, robust human clinical trials specifically isolating these blood effects are lacking; most human evidence comes from multi-herb TCM formulas rather than Dong Quai monotherapy.

• DPA (docosapentaenoic acid)Scientific

  DPA is incorporated into red blood cell lipids faster than EPA and serves as a storage depot for EPA and DHA. RBC DPA content is inversely associated with both CRP and fasting triglycerides in human studies. DPA also integrates into platelet membranes where it inhibits aggregation via lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins, reducing thrombotic risk.

• EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate)Scientific

  EGCG reduces platelet aggregation, improves anticoagulant proteins, lowers LDL oxidation, and reduces plasma triglycerides and blood pressure in clinical studies. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial in β-thalassemia patients found EGCG reduced platelet aggregation and improved anticoagulant protein levels.

• eicosapentaenoic acidScientific

  EPA directly modifies blood rheology: reducing platelet aggregation, decreasing mean platelet volume, lowering blood viscosity, increasing red blood cell deformability, and reducing plasma triglycerides. These effects collectively reduce thrombotic and atherosclerotic risk.

• EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)Scientific

  EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) has robust clinical and mechanistic evidence supporting multiple beneficial effects on the blood system, including significant reduction of blood triglycerides, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic actions. Large randomized controlled trials, including REDUCE-IT, demonstrate that high-dose purified EPA (4 g/day) reduces major cardiovascular events by approximately 25% in high-risk statin-treated patients. EPA also lowers blood viscosity and improves erythrocyte deformability, further supporting healthy blood rheology.

• eucommiaScientific

  Eucommia has documented effects on blood composition including significant reduction in blood oxidative stress markers (clinical trial), lowering of plasma lipids (TG, TC, LDL-C), reduction of glucose levels in diabetic animal models, and modulation of blood inflammatory cytokines. Clinical evidence for direct blood parameter changes exists.

• fava beanScientific

  Fava beans are among the richest plant sources of both iron and folate—the two primary micronutrients required for red blood cell formation. These nutrients support hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis. However, in G6PD-deficient individuals, fava bean compounds trigger acute hemolytic anemia (favism).

• ferula assafoetidaScientific

  Asafoetida's coumarin constituents exhibit anticoagulant/blood-thinning activity, reducing clot formation and potentially enhancing warfarin effect. Ferulic acid reduces oxidized LDL-C and inflammatory blood markers in humans. Traditional Unani and Chinese medicine also document blood-purifying properties.

• ferulic acidScientific

  Ferulic acid exerts direct protective effects on human erythrocytes under high-glucose conditions, reducing HbA1c levels, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and restoring Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity. It also demonstrates anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic properties and reduced plasma oxidative stress markers (MDA, d-ROMs, oxidized LDL-C) in an RCT.

• feverfewScientific

  Feverfew inhibits platelet aggregation and serotonin release from platelets, documented in ex vivo studies. These antiplatelet effects are considered central to feverfew's anti-migraine mechanism and its potential interaction with anticoagulant drugs. The NCCIH warns that feverfew may slow blood clotting.

• fish oilScientific

  Fish oil's omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) have well-documented, clinically validated effects on blood lipids—most robustly, a significant reduction in blood triglyceride levels. Evidence also supports modest blood pressure reduction and antiplatelet/antithrombotic activity. The FDA has approved prescription omega-3 formulations specifically for the treatment of very high triglycerides, and the landmark REDUCE-IT trial demonstrated a 25% reduction in major cardiovascular events with high-dose EPA in high-risk patients.

• flavin mononucleotideScientific

  FMN and FAD are essential for erythrocyte metabolism, iron mobilization, and hemoglobin synthesis. Riboflavin/FMN deficiency causes normocytic anemia by impairing iron bioavailability. Erythrocyte FMN and FAD concentrations are clinical biomarkers of riboflavin status, with erythrocyte FMN rising by 87% after supplementation in deficient individuals.

• flaxseedScientific

  Flaxseed modulates blood composition by lowering LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides; reducing platelet aggregation; and decreasing inflammatory markers (hs-CRP, TNF-α). Meta-analyses of RCTs confirm these effects consistently, particularly for LDL cholesterol in women and high-baseline-lipid populations.

• folic acidScientific

  Folic acid (vitamin B9) is essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell (RBC) formation; its deficiency directly causes megaloblastic/macrocytic anemia, a well-characterised haematological disorder. Folic acid carries FDA approval for treating megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias arising from folate deficiency. Clinical evidence from intervention trials and observational studies confirms a strong protective role of folate status in anemia prevention and correction. Standard therapeutic dosing is 1–5 mg/day orally, with higher doses used in pregnancy or high-risk groups.

• folinic acidScientific

  Folinic acid directly supports haematopoiesis by providing reduced folate for thymidylate and purine synthesis in rapidly dividing erythroid precursors. It is an approved treatment for megaloblastic anemia of folate deficiency and is used to rescue bone marrow suppression caused by antifolate chemotherapy drugs such as methotrexate and pemetrexed.

• forskohlii rootScientific

  Forskolin inhibits platelet aggregation by raising cAMP in platelets, reducing thromboxane A2-mediated activation. This has been demonstrated in vitro with human platelets and is characterised as a confirmed pharmacological property in peer-reviewed pharmacology reviews.

• fulvic acidScientific

  Fulvic acid chelates and transports iron into bioavailable complexes, potentially improving iron uptake relevant to red blood cell production. It also reduces oxidative stress in circulating blood cells and may improve lipid profiles. Traditional folk medicine use for anemia is documented.

• gamma oryzanolScientific

  Gamma oryzanol directly modifies blood lipid composition, reducing total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides while variably raising HDL-C in hyperlipidemic patients. It also reduces circulating inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, IFN-γ) and oxidative stress biomarkers in the blood of diabetic patients.

• ganodermaScientific

  Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids inhibit platelet aggregation, and polysaccharides modulate immune cell populations in blood including NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. A meta-analysis of RCTs found significant reductions in BMI and heart rate with Ganoderma supplementation.

• garbanzo beanScientific

  Garbanzo beans contribute substantially to blood health: iron (~4.7 mg/cup, ~26% DV) supports hemoglobin synthesis and prevents iron-deficiency anemia; folate is required for erythrocyte maturation and DNA synthesis in red blood cell precursors; and vitamin C in chickpeas enhances non-heme iron bioavailability. These nutrients collectively support red blood cell production and prevent nutritional anemias.

• gardeniaScientific

  Gardenia jasminoides influences blood constituents through antithrombotic/antiplatelet activity, blood glucose and lipid lowering, and reduction of serum inflammatory markers. Geniposide and genipin have antiplatelet aggregation effects and lower serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose. Gardenia extract also reduces serum bilirubin in clinical use.

• gardenia jasminoidesScientific

  Geniposide from Gardenia jasminoides has documented antithrombotic and anti-platelet aggregation activity, and the herb is classified in TCM as 'cooling blood and eliminating stasis.' Crocin and geniposide also regulate blood lipid levels and blood glucose. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia records its use for 'blood drenching and astringent pain.'

• garlicScientific

  Garlic has robust clinical evidence supporting its role in blood health across three domains: blood pressure reduction, lipid modulation, and antiplatelet activity. Multiple meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials confirm modest but statistically significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, particularly in hypertensive individuals. Garlic also reduces total cholesterol and LDL-C, and its sulfur compounds inhibit platelet aggregation through several documented mechanisms.

• garlic bulbScientific

  Garlic exerts significant effects on blood composition and rheology: reducing platelet aggregation (antithrombotic), lowering blood lipids (TC, TG, LDL), reducing blood glucose, and lowering blood pressure via vasodilation. Meta-analyses of RCTs confirm effects on each blood parameter.

• gastrodiaScientific

  Gastrodin is listed as an anticoagulant/blood-flow improving agent in pharmacological reviews and is used in China for cerebrovascular disease. GE preparations are used clinically in China for stroke and cerebrovascular conditions. Preclinical evidence supports effects on vascular function.

• gingerScientific

  Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has clinically documented effects on multiple blood parameters, including blood pressure, blood lipids, blood glucose, and platelet aggregation. Multiple meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials support reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose. Evidence on platelet aggregation is equivocal, with clinical trials split evenly between showing an effect and showing none.

• ginkgo bilobaScientific

  Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE, standardized as EGb 761) has well-documented effects on blood through multiple mechanisms: vasorelaxation via nitric oxide and prostanoid release, platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonism by ginkgolides, and improvements in blood rheology and microcirculation. Multiple randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews support its role in improving peripheral and coronary blood flow, though large trials such as GEMS found no reduction in major cardiovascular events. Evidence for antiplatelet effects at standard oral doses is more modest than previously believed, and controlled studies generally show no significant adverse impact on hemostasis.

• GLA (gamma linolenic acid)Scientific

  GLA has well-documented effects on blood lipids, platelet function, and eicosanoid profiles. Clinical trials show significant reductions in plasma triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, platelet aggregation, and thromboxane B2, alongside increases in HDL-cholesterol and bleeding time. These effects collectively modify blood composition and thrombotic risk.

• glucomannanScientific

  Glucomannan directly modifies several circulating blood parameters confirmed in multiple meta-analyses: LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and fasting insulin are all significantly reduced. These are measurable blood-borne endpoints documented in the Sood 2008 meta-analysis (14 RCTs, n=531) and the 2023 PMC meta-analysis (6 RCTs, n=440 T2DM patients).

• goji berryScientific

  Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) has documented effects on blood parameters in human clinical studies, including reductions in blood lipid peroxidation markers, LDL cholesterol, and blood glucose. Its polysaccharides (LBPs) protect erythrocytes from oxidative hemolysis in vitro. In Traditional Chinese Medicine it has been used for over 2,000 years as a hematopoietic tonic to nourish liver-blood and kidney essence. A clinically documented interaction with warfarin further confirms its activity on blood coagulation pathways.

• gooseberryScientific

  The Kapoor et al. 2019 crossover RCT specifically measured 'blood hematology' as an efficacy parameter with favorable results. Amla's vitamin C enhances non-heme iron absorption (relevant to red blood cell production), and its antioxidants protect erythrocytes from oxidative hemolysis.

• gotu kolaScientific

  Gotu Kola improves blood microcirculation demonstrated across multiple clinical RCTs in venous insufficiency and diabetic microangiopathy patients. It reduces circulating endothelial cell counts (a marker of vascular damage) and normalizes mucopolysaccharide-turnover enzymes in blood. Antioxidant effects protect red blood cells and endothelial cells from oxidative damage.

• grapeScientific

  Grape polyphenols modulate blood composition by reducing platelet aggregation, lowering oxidized LDL, and improving antioxidant markers. GSE reduced platelet reactivity in male smokers versus placebo. A clinical study examined GSE effects on platelet function in postmenopausal women. Grape products increase blood total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase in meta-analysis of 17 RCTs. Resveratrol improves hemoglobin A1c in T2DM.

• grape seedScientific

  GSE proanthocyanidins significantly raise blood antioxidant capacity, reduce LDL oxidation and circulating triglycerides, and lower hsCRP in the blood. A meta-analysis of 23 studies found significant reductions in malondialdehyde (SMD −1.04) and oxidized LDL (SMD −0.44). GSE also inhibits platelet aggregation, supporting blood fluidity.

• green teaScientific

  Green tea catechins have been clinically shown to reduce LDL cholesterol, improve lipid profiles, lower blood glucose, and exert antithrombotic effects. A randomized, double-blind, crossover RCT in 73 overweight/obese women demonstrated a 4.8% reduction in LDL-C after 6 weeks of green tea extract. Meta-analyses of RCTs confirm improvements in total cholesterol, LDL, blood pressure, and glycemic markers. Catechins also inhibit platelet aggregation, reducing thrombotic risk.

• guaranaScientific

  Guarana demonstrably affects blood composition and platelet function. It inhibits platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis in vitro and in vivo, reducing thrombotic risk. Human studies show lower LDL oxidation and improved oxidative blood biomarkers (AOPP, uric acid) in guarana consumers. Short-term supplementation also reduced triglycerides and improved blood albumin in a human study.

• guggulScientific

  Guggul has documented effects on blood coagulation and platelet function in human studies. It enhances fibrinolytic activity, reduces platelet adhesiveness, and inhibits platelet aggregation. These hematological effects contribute to its cardiovascular protective profile.

• hawthornScientific

  Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) has well-documented effects on blood-related parameters, including blood pressure reduction, blood lipid modulation, antiplatelet activity, and antithrombotic effects. Clinical trials and meta-analyses demonstrate statistically significant reductions in systolic blood pressure and improvements in blood lipid profiles. Its active constituents — flavonoids and oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) — drive these mechanisms through antioxidant, vasodilatory, and antiplatelet pathways. Traditional use across European and Chinese herbal medicine aligns closely with the modern clinical evidence.

• hesperetinScientific

  Hesperetin/hesperidin supplementation significantly modifies blood lipid profiles (reducing TG, TC, and LDL) and reduces circulating inflammatory markers (TNF-α) in human RCTs. These effects on blood composition are well-documented across multiple meta-analyses.

• hesperidinScientific

  Hesperidin affects blood composition by reducing pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic markers (CRP, TNF-α, PAI-1, ox-LDL), improving lipid profile (LDL, TC, TG), improving blood glucose and insulin sensitivity, and reducing adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1). These effects have been confirmed in multiple human RCTs and meta-analyses.

• hibiscusScientific

  Hibiscus sabdariffa is recognized for antianemic effects in clinical literature, attributed to its iron content and high vitamin C facilitating non-heme iron absorption. Multiple systematic reviews of HS clinical trials list antianemic activity as a human health benefit. Traditional use for blood-building is documented across Africa.

• honeyScientific

  Honey influences blood parameters including fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers (CRP). Clinical trials document modest but statistically significant improvements in lipid and glycemic blood markers when honey substitutes for refined sugar. Honey also provides bioavailable carbohydrate that directly fuels muscle during exercise.

• horse chestnutScientific

  Aescin has documented effects on blood rheology: it decreases blood viscosity, improves blood hemodynamics, and reduces platelet aggregation in vitro. These effects contribute to its clinical utility in venous circulatory conditions and have been measured in human studies.

• indian gum arabic treeScientific

  Clinical trials in haemodialysis patients show gum arabic supplementation significantly increased red blood cell counts, platelet counts, and packed cell volume. The 2023 systematic review of 29 trials confirms that gum arabic altered multiple hematological and biochemical blood parameters.

• inositol nicotinateScientific

  IHN affects blood composition and rheology through its conversion to niacin. Released niacin inhibits a clotting protein (fibrinogen-related), can stimulate fibrinolysis, and reduces circulating lipids including LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides. WebMD, RxList, and Wikipedia all confirm that niacin from IHN 'breaks up a protein needed for clotting.' Clinical caution is warranted in bleeding disorders and pre-surgery.

• ironScientific

  Iron is an essential structural component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Approximately 70% of the body's iron is found in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Iron deficiency progressively depletes erythrocyte production, ultimately resulting in iron deficiency anemia (IDA), one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders globally. Oral and intravenous iron supplementation are well-established clinical interventions for restoring hemoglobin levels and correcting IDA, supported by extensive randomized controlled trial and systematic review evidence.

• isoleucineScientific

  Isoleucine is a structural component of hemoglobin and is essential for red blood cell protein synthesis. Hemoglobin's low isoleucine content means that blood loss creates specific isoleucine deficiency states. Clinical evidence shows that isoleucine infusion restores protein synthesis in patients with GI bleeding, and BCAA supplementation including isoleucine has increased hemoglobin and hematocrit in clinical trials.

• isomalto-oligosaccharideScientific

  IMO supplementation has produced measurable improvements in blood lipid profiles (reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides; increased HDL-C) and blood glucose regulation in human clinical trials. These circulating biomarker effects represent the principal blood-level outcomes documented for IMO.

• jujubeScientific

  Jujube is one of the most prominent 'blood-nourishing' herbs in TCM, used for blood deficiency (anemia) for over 2,000 years. Cell and animal studies show erythropoiesis stimulation via HIF-induced EPO, heme iron recycling support, and bi-directional immune regulation. Nutrients including vitamin C, iron, and folate support RBC production.

• kaleScientific

  Kale is one of the richest dietary sources of vitamin K1, which activates clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X via γ-carboxylation, maintaining normal hemostasis. Kale also provides non-heme iron alongside vitamin C, which enhances iron bioavailability and supports erythropoiesis. Folate in kale is required for red blood cell maturation.

• kelpScientific

  Kelp's fucoidan has demonstrated anticoagulant and anti-thrombotic activity in human studies, extending clotting time and modulating platelet aggregation. Kelp also provides iron and vitamin B12, nutrients essential for red blood cell production. These constituents collectively support blood health through both coagulation modulation and erythropoiesis-supporting micronutrients.

• kidney beansScientific

  Kidney beans are an established dietary source of non-heme iron (3–4 mg per cooked cup) and folate, both essential for red blood cell production and prevention of iron-deficiency and megaloblastic anemia. Bioavailability of iron is modifiable by preparation and dietary pairing.

• knotweedScientific

  Resveratrol from knotweed inhibits platelet aggregation and blood clot adhesion to vessel walls, reducing thrombosis risk. Polydatin demonstrated hypolipidemic activity in clinical trials, reducing blood lipid composition. Resveratrol also reduces blood viscosity and may lower LDL cholesterol levels. TCM classifies Hu Zhang as a blood-invigorating herb.

• krill oilScientific

  Multiple RCTs and two meta-analyses consistently demonstrate krill oil significantly reduces serum LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and raises HDL cholesterol. A 2017 meta-analysis (7 RCTs, n=662) and 2023 updated meta-analysis (14 RCTs, n=1,458) confirm lipid-modifying effects. Krill oil also increases the omega-3 index — the proportion of EPA+DHA in red blood cell membranes.

• l-carnitineScientific

  L-carnitine plays a direct role in red blood cell energy metabolism and membrane stability. In ESRD patients on hemodialysis, dialysis-induced carnitine deficiency contributes to anemia; L-carnitine supplementation—FDA-approved IV for this indication—improves anemia parameters and may reduce erythropoietin requirements.

• L-citrullineScientific

  L-Citrulline exerts well-documented effects on the blood vascular system: it significantly lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure as shown in a meta-analysis of 14 RCTs. It also reduces plasma ADMA (an endogenous NO synthase inhibitor), increases circulating L-arginine and NOx, and reduces circulating oxidized LDL in human studies. These effects collectively improve vascular endothelial function and reduce cardiometabolic risk.

• L-glutathioneScientific

  Erythrocyte glutathione is a critical component of red blood cell antioxidant defense, protecting against hemolysis from oxidative stress. Blood GSH levels are established clinical biomarkers of oxidative stress and systemic antioxidant capacity. Oral L-glutathione supplementation has been shown to increase blood and erythrocyte GSH levels in human trials.

• L-histidineScientific

  L-histidine is essential for hemoglobin synthesis and is required for erythropoiesis; histidine deficiency is a recognized cause of anemia. In CKD and uremic patients, where plasma histidine is persistently low, supplementation has increased hemoglobin levels. Combined IV iron plus histidine outperforms IV iron alone for CKD anemia.

• lactoferrinScientific

  Lactoferrin directly influences hematopoiesis and iron metabolism in the blood by facilitating intestinal iron absorption via specific receptors and inhibiting hepcidin-mediated functional iron deficiency. Multiple RCTs confirm significant improvements in hemoglobin, ferritin, and serum iron parameters.

• lemonScientific

  Lemon's vitamin C enhances non-heme iron absorption, supporting red blood cell production and hemoglobin synthesis. Vitamin C also directly participates in hematopoiesis by reducing oxidative stress on erythrocytes and supporting folate utilization. Clinical RCT evidence confirms vitamin C improves hematological parameters in iron-deficiency anemia.

• lentinula edodes myceliaScientific

  LEM modulates blood immune cell populations, including T-cells, NK cells, and macrophages, with documented effects on IFN-γ production in human subjects. LEM also influences blood lipid parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides) and blood glucose in preclinical models.

• limeScientific

  Lime's vitamin C enhances non-heme iron absorption from plant foods, directly addressing iron-deficiency anemia. A human trial found 100 mg vitamin C with a meal increased iron absorption by 67%. Lime's antioxidant compounds also protect erythrocytes from oxidative hemolysis and are traditionally used in scurvy prevention.

• liquid liver fractionsScientific

  Liquid liver fractions supply heme iron, vitamin B12, and folate — the three nutrients most critical for erythropoiesis and red blood cell maturation. Heme iron polypeptide RCTs demonstrate that this form raises hemoglobin comparably to IV iron in non-dialysis CKD patients. B12 and folate support red blood cell synthesis and DNA replication in erythroid precursors.

• lumbrokinaseScientific

  Lumbrokinase is a group of fibrinolytic serine proteases extracted from earthworms that directly degrade fibrin clots, reduce blood viscosity, lower fibrinogen levels, and inhibit platelet aggregation. Multiple randomized controlled trials and a 2025 meta-analysis of RCTs support its efficacy in modulating blood coagulation parameters and improving outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients. Evidence quality is assessed as low-to-moderate, and it is not considered a replacement for established thrombolytics such as alteplase.

• lyciumScientific

  Lycium barbarum (goji/wolfberry) has a well-documented dual relationship with blood: a deep traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) role as a 'blood tonic' (nourishing Blood/Xue), and modern clinical and preclinical evidence supporting effects on blood glucose, blood lipids, and circulating immune cells. Human RCT data, though limited in scale, show statistically significant reductions in triglycerides, increases in HDL-cholesterol, and improved blood glucose control. The primary bioactive agents are Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs).

• macadamiaScientific

  Macadamia nuts beneficially modify blood lipid and lipoprotein profiles, reducing atherogenic particles (LDL-C, sdLDL, non-HDL-C) and improving lipoprotein ratios. Clinical trials also show associations with reduced fasting blood glucose and triglycerides in relevant populations. Antioxidant constituents (tocotrienols, flavonoids) reduce oxidative modification of blood lipoproteins.

• magnesiumScientific

  Magnesium plays essential roles in blood physiology, including erythrocyte function, platelet aggregation, vascular smooth muscle tone, and blood pressure regulation. Hypomagnesemia is linked to hypertension, thrombotic tendency, and impaired erythrocyte membrane stability. Magnesium is co-factor for Na/K-ATPase, which maintains red blood cell ion gradients.

• mangoScientific

  Mango supports blood health primarily through its vitamin C content, which enhances non-heme iron absorption and thus helps prevent iron-deficiency anemia. Mango also provides folate, which supports red blood cell synthesis. In one clinical trial, HbA1c was reduced in obese participants after 6 weeks of mango consumption.

• mangosteenScientific

  Human clinical trials confirm mangosteen consumption measurably increases plasma antioxidant capacity and reduces CRP and TNF-α levels in blood. Xanthones have documented antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic properties in vitro. A 2025 meta-analysis confirmed mangosteen xanthones significantly reduce serum creatinine and oxidative markers in blood.

• maqui berryScientific

  Maqui berry supplementation demonstrated direct improvements in blood lipid parameters (LDL, HDL, VLDL) and oxidized LDL in human clinical trials, and reduced HbA1c—a blood glycation marker—in a 3-month prediabetes study. The RCT also showed reduction of F2-isoprostanes in urine and oxidized LDL in plasma, confirming systemic blood-borne oxidative stress reduction.

• methylcobalaminScientific

  Methylcobalamin is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B12 that is essential for red blood cell formation via its role in DNA synthesis. Its deficiency directly causes megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia, characterized by abnormally large, dysfunctional red blood cells. It also acts as a cofactor for methionine synthase, lowering elevated blood homocysteine—a vascular risk factor. Multiple clinical trials confirm both its hematological and homocysteine-lowering effects.

• millet seedScientific

  Millet seed improves multiple blood parameters: pearl millet increases bioavailable iron, ferritin, and hemoglobin levels, reducing iron deficiency anemia. Clinical trials document hemoglobin normalization from anemic to normal ranges. Millet also contains folate relevant to red blood cell formation and provides iron, zinc, and magnesium that support hematopoiesis.

• morindaScientific

  M. citrifolia noni juice reduced MDA-DNA adducts (markers of oxidative DNA damage) by 53% in a 203-person placebo-controlled clinical trial, and reduced superoxide anion radicals and lipid hydroperoxides in smokers. M. citrifolia also reduced total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and hs-CRP in blood in a 132-person RCT, demonstrating broad blood biomarker modulation.

• morusScientific

  Morus affects blood composition through multiple documented pathways: lowering blood glucose, HbA1c, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and CRP in human RCTs. Traditional TCM use positions Sang Shen (fruit) as a blood-tonifying herb for conditions including anemia and blood deficiency.

• motherwortScientific

  Motherwort and its alkaloid leonurine demonstrate antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects documented in both preclinical and limited human studies. Chinese clinical studies report inhibition of platelet aggregation and reduced blood coagulation in coronary heart disease patients. The uterotonic effects (contracting smooth muscle) have been confirmed in large-scale meta-analyses of RCTs for post-surgical hemostasis.

• mugwortScientific

  A. vulgaris extracts have demonstrated hypolipidemic effects on blood lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, HDL) in rodent studies, and antioxidant effects normalizing blood markers of oxidative stress. Antithrombotic activity of essential oil constituent borneol is documented in vitro. Blood pressure-lowering effects via vasodilation are also pharmacologically supported.

• myrobalanScientific

  TC has documented effects on blood parameters including glucose, lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL), and inflammatory markers (hsCRP) in clinical RCTs. Its tannins exhibit anticoagulant-adjacent properties and traditional astringent use as a haemostatic agent in hemorrhage.

• naringinScientific

  Naringin favorably modifies blood lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides), reduces blood glucose and insulin levels, and has antioxidant effects on blood chemistry. Human clinical and population studies demonstrate these associations. Naringin may also inhibit platelet aggregation based on preclinical pharmacological reviews.

• nattokinaseScientific

  Nattokinase is a serine protease enzyme derived from fermented soybean (natto) with well-documented fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activity in human studies. It directly degrades fibrin, inactivates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and elevates antithrombin concentrations, collectively reducing blood clot burden. Multiple randomized controlled trials and a 2024 systematic review/meta-analysis confirm measurable effects on blood coagulation markers, blood viscosity, and lipid profiles. The overall evidence base, while growing, remains limited in scale and requires larger outcome trials.

• nattozimesScientific

  Nattokinase directly modifies blood composition and rheology, reducing coagulation factors (fibrinogen, factor VII, factor VIII), increasing antithrombin, elevating fibrin degradation products, and decreasing red blood cell aggregation and whole blood viscosity. These effects have been documented in human clinical studies.

• neem treeScientific

  The T2DM RCT measured platelet aggregation (platelet aggregometry) as an outcome; neem supplementation reduced platelet aggregation versus placebo. Neem extracts also reduce oxidative stress markers in blood (MDA, GSH, NO), reduce blood inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), and neem leaf extract has documented blood sugar-lowering activity in human studies.

• NMN (β-nicotinamide mononucleotide)Scientific

  Human studies confirm NMN significantly increases blood NAD+ levels, including whole blood NAD+ in a dose-dependent manner. Intravenous NMN (300 mg, n=10) increased blood NAD+ without damaging blood cells. Dose-dependent increases in whole blood NAD+ (23.8 µM at placebo, 58.8 µM at 1000 mg/day) were confirmed in RCTs.

• nut grassScientific

  C. rotundus exhibits anti-platelet activity (reducing platelet aggregation), antimutagenic effects, and antigenotoxic properties relevant to blood health. Traditional use for 'blood disorders' is documented in Ayurveda. The antilipidemic effects also benefit blood lipid composition.

• oatScientific

  Oat β-glucan demonstrably reduces blood lipids (LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, apolipoprotein B) and improves fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in clinical trials. Avenanthramides reduce circulating inflammatory markers and improve blood biomarkers of oxidative stress.

• oleanolic acidScientific

  OA influences blood composition by lowering total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides while raising HDL in multiple animal models. It reduces blood glucose, lowers inflammatory biomarkers in plasma, and has been shown to reduce DNA oxidation markers in blood in a human olive oil triterpenoid study.

• oliveScientific

  Olive polyphenols improve blood lipid profiles (lower LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides), protect blood lipids from oxidative damage (EFSA-approved claim), and reduce platelet aggregation in human studies. Oleuropein also inhibits thromboxane production. These effects directly modify the composition and coagulability of blood.

• olive oilScientific

  Olive oil measurably improves multiple blood parameters: it reduces LDL cholesterol, oxidized LDL, triglycerides, and platelet aggregability, while increasing HDL function and antioxidant capacity. EFSA has approved a health claim for olive oil phenolics protecting blood lipids from oxidative damage.

• omega-3 fatty acidsScientific

  Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) have robust clinical evidence for lowering blood triglyceride levels, with multiple systematic reviews and RCTs demonstrating reductions of 20–45% in hypertriglyceridemic populations. They also exert antithrombotic effects by inhibiting platelet aggregation and reducing platelet procoagulant activity. Secondary effects on blood pressure and other blood lipid fractions (LDL-C, HDL-C) are more modest and context-dependent.

• omega-6 fatty acidsScientific

  Omega-6 fatty acids, particularly AA and LA, significantly modify blood lipid profiles, platelet function, and inflammatory biomarker levels. AA in platelet phospholipids is the precursor to thromboxane A2 (pro-aggregatory) and prostaglandin I2 (anti-aggregatory), modulating hemostatic balance. Cochrane evidence confirms omega-6 intake reduces total cholesterol; feeding trial data show reductions in LDL, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B.

• omega-9 fatty acidsScientific

  Omega-9 oleic acid influences blood lipid composition, platelet function, and circulating inflammatory markers. Mediterranean diet OA intake is associated with improved lipoprotein profiles (lower LDL, favorable HDL) and reduced oxidized LDL. OA incorporation into erythrocyte membranes is measurable and correlates with cardiovascular risk markers.

• onionScientific

  Onion exerts multiple well-documented effects on blood composition and function: inhibiting platelet aggregation, reducing LDL oxidation, lowering blood glucose, modifying the lipid profile, and demonstrating anticoagulant properties. Both quercetin glucosides and organosulfur compounds contribute to these hematological effects.

• ophiopogonScientific

  Ophiopogon japonicus demonstrates antithrombotic and anticoagulant activity in animal models, prolonging clotting and bleeding times. Ophiopogonin D inhibits venous thrombosis. Additionally, polysaccharides reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, supporting healthy blood composition in preclinical models.

• orangeScientific

  Orange-derived vitamin C enhances non-haem iron absorption in the gut, supporting haemoglobin synthesis and red blood cell production. Orange juice also increases plasma antioxidant capacity and has been shown to raise plasma levels of carotenoids and vitamin C relevant to blood antioxidant defence.

• palm oilScientific

  Red palm oil supplementation during pregnancy has been shown in a controlled trial to significantly reduce maternal anemia prevalence. Its β-carotene/retinol content supports erythropoiesis and immune cell function, and animal studies suggest palm oil can improve hematological parameters in phenylhydrazine-induced anemia. Palm TRF also supports hematological safety in metabolic syndrome patients.

• pantethineScientific

  Early clinical studies documented that pantethine reduces platelet aggregation and favorably modifies platelet phospholipid fatty acid composition in dyslipidemic patients. CoA-dependent fatty acid metabolism determines the composition of red blood cell and platelet membranes, influencing cell deformability and platelet reactivity. These effects are supported by peer-reviewed publications, though most originate from small, older studies.

• papayaScientific

  Papaya leaf extract has been clinically shown to increase platelet count in dengue fever patients in multiple trials, including a 228-patient open-label RCT showing significant platelet rise (P<0.001). The extract also stimulates WBC production. Fermented papaya preparation improves hematological parameters in chronic disease contexts.

• parsleyScientific

  Parsley contributes meaningfully to blood health through high iron and vitamin C content supporting red blood cell production and haemoglobin synthesis, folate supporting DNA synthesis for haematopoiesis, and vitamin K supporting coagulation factor activation. These are established nutritional mechanisms with strong scientific grounding.

• peaScientific

  Peas are a source of dietary iron; an 8-week RCT in female runners found non-significant trends toward improved plasma ferritin. Pea-derived bioactive peptides modulate blood lipid fractions and possess antiplatelet/antithrombotic activity per in vitro and animal evidence.

• pearScientific

  Pear consumption is associated with improved blood lipid profiles (lower LDL, lower triglycerides) and reduced blood glucose, as documented in animal studies and cohort epidemiology. Pear polyphenols exhibit antiplatelet and antithrombotic properties relevant to blood coagulation. The potassium content of pear supports osmotic balance and healthy blood volume regulation.

• peptidaseScientific

  Fibrinolytic peptidases, a subclass of protease/peptidase enzymes, directly act on blood proteins including fibrin and fibrinogen. These enzymes degrade fibrin clots, reduce blood viscosity, and some (bromelain) reduce platelet aggregation. Systemic enzyme therapy preparations have antithrombotic and anti-edematous properties documented in clinical and pharmacological literature.

• phytosterolsScientific

  Phytosterols exert extensive, well-documented effects on blood lipid parameters. Meta-analyses of numerous RCTs confirm significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides, with modest increases in HDL-C and reductions in blood pressure. FDA and EFSA have approved health claims for phytosterols based on this blood lipid evidence.

• pineScientific

  Pine bark extract has been studied for its effects on blood platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, and blood glucose. Multiple RCTs and a meta-analysis of 24 trials found significant reductions in fasting blood glucose (−5.86 mg/dl) and HbA1c. Pycnogenol also inhibits platelet aggregation and reduces oxidative stress in blood cells. Clinical dosing studied at 100 mg/day for 3 months in diabetic populations.

• pine barkScientific

  Pycnogenol demonstrably modifies blood composition and rheology: it inhibits platelet aggregation, reduces thromboxane, lowers LDL, raises HDL, reduces fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, and lowers CRP. Multiple RCTs confirm hematological and biochemical blood parameter improvements relevant to cardiovascular and metabolic risk.

• policosanolScientific

  Policosanol exerts multiple well-documented effects on the blood compartment, including modulation of lipoproteins (LDL-C reduction, HDL-C elevation), inhibition of platelet aggregation, and reduction of fibrinogen levels. Early Cuban RCTs reported LDL reductions of 21–29% and HDL increases of 8–15% at 10–20 mg/day, though independent Western European trials found no significant lipid effects. Antiplatelet and fibrinogen effects have been replicated in multiple designs.

• pomegranateScientific

  Pomegranate supplementation improves multiple blood markers: reduces LDL oxidation, increases HDL and PON1 activity, lowers total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and inflammatory markers (CRP, MDA), while improving antioxidant capacity. These are well-documented across RCTs and meta-analyses.

• prickly pear cactusScientific

  Human clinical data show Opuntia reduces fibrinogen, platelet aggregation, and LDL oxidation — key blood-related cardiovascular risk markers. Betalains are absorbed into LDL and provide antioxidant protection. Anticoagulant-relevant fibrinogen reduction was confirmed in a human RCT.

• prunusScientific

  Prunus domestica consumption directly affects blood lipid profiles (TC, LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides) and blood inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP) in human clinical trials. The polyphenol-rich composition also reduces lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) levels in blood — a validated marker of systemic oxidative stress. These effects are documented in multiple RCTs.

• psylliumScientific

  Psyllium produces clinically meaningful changes in blood lipid composition, reducing LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and—particularly in diabetic populations—triglycerides. These changes in circulating blood chemistry are the primary documented effects. Fasting blood glucose and HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) are also significantly reduced, reflecting improved glucose metabolism in blood.

• quercetinScientific

  Quercetin has clinical and meta-analytic evidence supporting multiple effects on blood-related parameters. Multiple RCT meta-analyses demonstrate modest but significant reductions in blood pressure (systolic and diastolic). Human studies also show quercetin inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation via the collagen-receptor signaling pathway. Effects on blood lipids (total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides) are reported, though results vary across populations and dosing regimens.

• quinoaScientific

  Quinoa provides iron (fulfilling adult daily requirements per 100 g), folate (~19% DV/cup), and complete protein—the primary nutritional determinants of blood cell production and hemoglobin synthesis. It is recommended in clinical guidelines for celiac-associated iron-deficiency anemia. Germination enhances iron content by ~39%, and fermentation increases bioavailability.

• red rootScientific

  Ceanothus americanus has a documented pro-coagulant (haemostatic) action on blood — an action confirmed in published literature and referenced in a US patent. A preliminary human study in thalassemic patients (n=38) found improvements in fetal hemoglobin and serum ferritin. The plant is also described as a 'blood purifier' in Native American traditions.

• red yeast riceScientific

  Red Yeast Rice (RYR) has robust clinical evidence for lowering blood lipids — specifically LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Its primary active compound, monacolin K, is chemically identical to lovastatin and inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Multiple meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials confirm significant reductions in LDL-C and total cholesterol, and the large CCSPS trial demonstrated cardiovascular mortality benefit over 4.5 years.

• rehmanniaScientific

  Rehmannia (Rehmannia glutinosa) has a well-documented relationship with the blood system, rooted in over 2,000 years of TCM use for 'nourishing blood' and 'hemostasis,' and now supported by preclinical scientific evidence. Its polysaccharide fraction (RGP) and iridoid glycoside catalpol have been shown in animal models to promote hematopoiesis, support bone marrow function, and counter anemia. Clinical application of RGP in chronic aplastic anemia has been reported, though robust human RCT data remain limited.

• rehmannia glutinosaScientific

  Rehmannia glutinosa has a well-documented relationship with the blood system, rooted in over 2,000 years of TCM use as a blood tonic and supported by preclinical scientific evidence. In TCM, different preparations (fresh, dried, or prepared/steamed) are each assigned distinct blood-related actions: cooling the blood, stopping bleeding, or nourishing and building blood. Preclinical studies demonstrate that extracts and polysaccharides of R. glutinosa promote hematopoiesis—stimulating proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, erythroid progenitors, and bone marrow cells. No robust human RCTs exist specifically for blood-building indications; evidence remains largely preclinical and traditionally grounded.

• resveratrolScientific

  Resveratrol, a stilbene polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, has documented effects on blood-related parameters including platelet aggregation, blood lipids, and vascular inflammation, supported by multiple human RCTs and meta-analyses. Mechanistically, it activates SIRT1 and AMPK pathways, inhibits platelet signaling via the p38 MAPK/NO/cyclic-GMP cascade, and modulates lipid metabolism through PPAR and LXR pathways. Clinical trial results are real but inconsistent, with the strongest signals seen for platelet inhibition and modest reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C at doses ≥200 mg/day. Overall, the evidence base is promising but not yet sufficient to establish resveratrol as a standard therapeutic agent for blood-related conditions.

• rhubarbScientific

  Rhubarb has documented hemostatic properties for GI bleeding and demonstrated effects on coagulation parameters in ulcerative colitis patients. In TCM, it is classified as a 'blood-cooling and blood-moving' herb, indicating both hemostatic and anticoagulant uses depending on context. Clinical trials confirm modification of platelet count, fibrinogen, and prothrombin time.

• rhubarb rootScientific

  Rhubarb root has documented effects on blood parameters in human clinical trials, including reductions in hypercoagulability markers (platelets, fibrinogen), hemostatic effects via tannin-rich and charcoal-processed forms, and improvements in hemoglobin in CKD patients.

• rose hipsScientific

  Rose hip's high vitamin C content enhances non-heme iron absorption, directly relevant to iron-deficiency anemia prevention. A clinical RCT demonstrated rose hip powder reduced red blood cell membrane oxidative disintegration, extending cell longevity. Rose hip also significantly reduced LDL cholesterol and inflammatory markers in a human trial.

• rutinScientific

  Rutin inhibits platelet aggregation and fibrin generation via PDI inhibition, reducing thrombotic risk. Human platelet data show approximately 15% reduction in platelet aggregation with 500 mg rutin plus vitamin C. Rutin also has documented antiplatelet and antithrombotic classifications in pharmacological reviews.

• safflowerScientific

  Safflower (as Hong Hua in TCM) has been used for millennia to invigorate blood circulation and dispel blood stasis. Scientifically, hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and total flavonoids inhibit platelet aggregation and prolong activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in vitro and in vivo. Safflower injection has demonstrated antithrombotic and anticoagulant activity in multiple laboratory models. These blood-moving properties underpin its use across cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and gynecological applications.

• saffronScientific

  Multiple human randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses confirm that saffron (Crocus sativus L.) exerts measurable effects on blood parameters, including modest but significant reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, improvements in blood lipid profiles (lower total cholesterol and triglycerides, higher HDL), and mild antiplatelet/anticoagulant activity. Its active constituents—crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal—appear to drive these effects through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Human clinical evidence is moderate in quality; effect sizes are generally small and some findings remain inconsistent across trials.

• serratiopeptidaseScientific

  Serratiopeptidase exhibits fibrinolytic properties relevant to blood, including dissolution of fibrin clots and proposed degradation of fibrinous atherosclerotic material. In vitro data show 96.6% blood clot lysis at 300 U/mL after 4 hours. Its fibrinolytic mechanism has been cited for potential benefit in thrombophlebitis. However, robust human RCTs for blood-specific endpoints (clot prevention, thrombophlebitis) are lacking.

• sesameScientific

  Sesame seeds are a good dietary source of non-heme iron (approximately 14.5 mg/100 g unhulled) and are used traditionally for anemia and blood nourishment in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine. Clinical data on blood parameters include antioxidant enzyme improvements (SOD, CAT) and reductions in MDA reflecting reduced oxidative damage to blood cells. Iron, folate, and copper in sesame support red blood cell production.

• shepherd's purseScientific

  Shepherd's purse has its primary evidence base in blood-related outcomes — specifically hemostasis and control of hemorrhage. Two human RCTs demonstrate reduced postpartum hemorrhage and heavy menstrual bleeding. Bioactive mechanisms include vasoconstrictive biogenic amines, astringent tannins, vitamin K, and oxytocin-like uterotonic peptides.

• silymarinScientific

  Clinical studies show silymarin increases superoxide dismutase activity in erythrocytes and lymphocytes and raises serum glutathione and glutathione peroxidase levels. It modestly reduces glucose, insulin, LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol measurable in blood. Anti-inflammatory effects reduce circulating inflammatory markers relevant to metabolic and hepatic disease.

• sitostanolScientific

  Sitostanol directly modulates blood lipid composition. RCTs consistently show reductions in serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, with no significant change in HDL cholesterol on average. In hypertriglyceridaemic subjects, serum triglycerides are also reduced. These changes have been replicated across dozens of randomised controlled trials.

• sophoraScientific

  S. japonica is recognized in TCM for cooling the blood and stopping bleeding (hemostatic activity). Rutin inhibits platelet aggregation and reduces capillary fragility. Troxerutin derivatives from S. japonica are used clinically for blood vessel integrity. Hemostatic flavones in the buds are pharmacologically characterized.

• soyScientific

  Soy protein and isoflavones improve blood lipid and lipoprotein profiles—reducing LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, and modestly raising HDL—documented across multiple meta-analyses and large-scale clinical trials. These effects on circulating blood composition are among the best-established benefits of soy.

• sphaeranthus indicusScientific

  S. indicus has documented antihyperlipidemic effects on blood lipid parameters in both preclinical and clinical settings, and antihyperglycemic effects on blood glucose. Haemostatic properties have also been investigated. These collectively represent meaningful effects on blood composition.

• spinachScientific

  Spinach folate is essential for erythrocyte maturation and division; deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia. Spinach non-heme iron contributes to haemoglobin synthesis, though with limited bioavailability. Vitamin K1 from spinach is essential for synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X.

• spirulinaScientific

  Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) has well-documented effects on multiple blood parameters, supported by randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. Clinical evidence shows it significantly reduces total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides while raising HDL, and improves hematological markers including serum iron, hemoglobin, and red blood cell indices in anemic and iron-deficient populations. Its primary active constituent, C-phycocyanin, is thought to mediate lipid-lowering effects via inhibition of cholesterol absorption and bile acid reabsorption, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

• SPMs (specialized pro-resolving mediators)Scientific

  SPMs are measurable in human peripheral blood and are produced by blood leukocytes and platelets upon activation. Circulating SPM levels have been used as biomarkers of disease activity and resolution capacity in human clinical studies. Omega-3 supplementation raises plasma SPM levels in human RCTs.

• squaleneScientific

  Squalene is transported in the blood via VLDL and LDL particles, with fasting squalene mainly in LDL and HDL. It exerts antioxidant effects on blood lipoproteins by inducing PON1 in HDL and reducing lipoprotein ROS. In blood immune cells (monocytes, neutrophils), squalene modulates pro-inflammatory mediators including MPO, ROS, and cytokines.

• steviol glycosidesScientific

  Human RCTs have measured circulating blood parameters—fasting glucose, insulin, cholesterol fractions, triglycerides, HbA1c, and blood pressure—in response to SG supplementation. Significant improvements in fasting blood glucose and systolic blood pressure have been documented; effects on blood lipids are present but non-significant.

• strawberryScientific

  Strawberries support blood health through multiple mechanisms: vitamin C enhances non-heme iron absorption (relevant to preventing iron-deficiency anemia); anthocyanins reduce platelet aggregation and thrombotic responses; and strawberry supplementation reduces atherogenic blood lipid subfractions and improves glycemic markers in blood. Attenuation of meal-induced thrombotic responses in overweight individuals has been documented.

• sumaScientific

  Suma root extract has demonstrated anti-sickling properties in human sickle cell anemia patients in a double-blind placebo-controlled study, improving hemoglobin levels and RBC deformability. In vitro studies confirm hydration of sickle erythrocytes. High iron content supports traditional use for general anemia.

• sunflowerScientific

  Sunflower seeds and oil improve blood lipid profiles (LDL, HDL, triglycerides) in clinical trials and reduce coagulation factor VIIc, a thrombotic risk marker. In TCM, sunflower seeds are traditionally believed to nourish the blood and improve circulation. Vitamin E from sunflower protects erythrocyte membranes from oxidative hemolysis.

• sweet wormwoodScientific

  Sweet wormwood's primary clinical application—malaria treatment—is a blood-based infectious disease. Artemisinin rapidly clears Plasmodium parasites from the bloodstream, and WHO recommends artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) as the global standard for malaria. Hematological effects including hemolysis are also clinically documented.

• szechuan lovageScientific

  CX exerts well-documented effects on blood and its components—specifically platelet aggregation, coagulation, hemorheology, and blood viscosity. Its classification in TCM as a 'blood-activating and stasis-dispelling' herb is supported by extensive pharmacological evidence from cell-based and animal studies and clinical use in blood stasis syndromes.

• taurineScientific

  Taurine is present in high concentrations in platelets and leukocytes, modulates oxidative stress in blood cells, and has been shown to influence blood pressure and vascular parameters in multiple clinical RCTs. It also influences plasma lipid profiles (triglycerides, cholesterol) and glycaemic markers.

• terminaliaScientific

  T. arjuna demonstrates clinically documented effects on blood parameters including reduction in platelet count, antithrombotic activity, and lipid peroxide reduction. A clinical study in coronary artery disease patients found a statistically significant 10.81% reduction in total platelet count with T. arjuna. Antioxidant protection of blood lipids and LDL from oxidation is also documented in RCTs.

• tinospora cordifoliaScientific

  T. cordifolia modulates blood composition by stimulating immune cell populations (B lymphocytes, macrophages, PMN leucocytes), improving hemoglobin in HIV models, protecting against inflammation-induced anemia, and exhibiting hypolipidemic effects on blood lipids. It is traditionally described as a blood purifier.

• TMG (trimethylglycine)Scientific

  TMG's most direct effect on blood is reducing plasma homocysteine concentration—a validated biomarker of vascular and metabolic risk. Epidemiological studies consistently link higher blood TMG levels with lower insulin resistance, lower diabetes incidence, and better cardiometabolic risk profiles. Animal data show betaine also restores normal hematological parameters (RBCs, hemoglobin, PCV) under stress conditions.

• tomatoScientific

  Tomato-derived lycopene and water-soluble tomato bioactives inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, constituting the primary documented effect of tomato on the blood system. EFSA has evaluated health claims for tomato extract and platelet function. Lycopene also reduces oxidative damage to blood lipids (LDL oxidation).

• turmericScientific

  Turmeric (via its active compound curcumin) has documented, clinically studied effects on blood. Multiple RCT meta-analyses demonstrate statistically significant reductions in blood triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol, along with modest blood pressure lowering. Curcumin also inhibits platelet aggregation and prolongs coagulation times through multiple biochemical pathways, though robust large-scale human anticoagulant trials remain limited. Evidence quality is moderate, with significant heterogeneity across lipid trials and a recognized gap between in vitro/animal antiplatelet data and clinical outcome data.

• vanadyl sulfateScientific

  Vanadyl sulfate has been studied for its hematological effects in humans and animals. At supplemental doses in healthy athletes over 12 weeks, no significant alterations in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, or platelet parameters were observed. At high doses in rodents, vanadium induces microcytic erythrocytosis and hemoglobin decreases. The vanadyl ion (VO2+) also binds hemoglobin in vitro.

• vanillaScientific

  Vanillin has a direct, scientifically documented effect on blood through its antisickling activity in sickle cell disease. It covalently binds sickle hemoglobin (HbS), inhibits polymerization, and increases oxygen affinity. A small human clinical trial in 30 patients showed oral vanillin reduced sickled red blood cell percentage. This is the only blood-specific clinical evidence.

• vitamin AScientific

  Vitamin A plays a well-documented role in supporting blood health, primarily through its effects on erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) and iron metabolism. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is associated with a distinct form of anemia that responds to vitamin A repletion independent of iron status. Clinical and epidemiological studies show that correcting VAD raises hemoglobin concentrations, mobilizes stored iron, and increases circulating erythropoietin (EPO). The mechanisms include regulation of erythrocyte progenitor cell differentiation, modulation of hepcidin expression, and release of iron from tissue stores.

• vitamin B1Scientific

  Vitamin B1 (thiamine) has well-documented, mechanistically grounded roles in blood health. Its active form, thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), is concentrated predominantly (~80%) in red blood cells, where it drives erythrocyte energy metabolism via transketolase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Deficiency impairs aerobic glucose metabolism, causing blood lactate accumulation, and in its most direct hematological manifestation, causes thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia (TRMA)—a genetic condition where pharmacologic doses of thiamine (50–100 mg/day) are the established treatment. Clinical evidence also demonstrates that thiamine supplementation lowers blood lactate levels in critically ill septic patients.

• vitamin B12Scientific

  Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is essential for DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing hematopoietic precursor cells; deficiency impairs red blood cell maturation, producing megaloblastic anemia characterized by enlarged, dysfunctional erythrocytes. Severe or prolonged deficiency can extend to pancytopenia, affecting all blood cell lines. Repletion with cobalamin—by intramuscular injection or high-dose oral supplementation—is well-documented to reverse these hematological abnormalities. The evidence base is robust, grounded in clinical trials, cohort studies, and mechanistic research published in peer-reviewed hematology literature.

• vitamin B2Scientific

  Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) has well-documented, clinically evidenced roles in blood health. Riboflavin deficiency directly causes a normocytic, normochromic anemia driven by selective erythroid hypoplasia and impaired iron mobilization from ferritin. Additionally, riboflavin, via its FAD cofactor, is essential for the enzyme MTHFR, which helps regulate blood homocysteine levels — a vascular risk factor. Riboflavin status is itself measured clinically through a red blood cell enzyme assay (erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient, EGRAC).

• vitamin B3 (niacin)Scientific

  Vitamin B3 (niacin/nicotinic acid) has robust clinical and mechanistic evidence for modifying blood lipid parameters. At pharmacological doses it is the most potent available agent for raising HDL cholesterol while also lowering LDL, VLDL, triglycerides, and lipoprotein(a). Large outcome trials confirm lipid improvements but show that incremental cardiovascular benefit on top of optimised statin therapy is not established.

• vitamin B5Scientific

  Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) has a well-established, physiologically essential relationship with blood. Red blood cells serve as the primary transport vehicle for pantothenic acid throughout the body, and the vitamin's derivative succinyl-CoA is a required intermediate in heme synthesis. Its metabolite pantethine has demonstrated statistically significant reductions in total and LDL cholesterol in randomized controlled trials. Whole-blood pantothenic acid concentration is the accepted clinical biomarker of B5 status.

• vitamin B6Scientific

  Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, PLP) is an essential cofactor for δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALAS), the rate-limiting first enzyme in heme biosynthesis; deficiency produces microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Pyridoxine (B6) supplementation is clinically effective for hereditary X-linked sideroblastic anemia caused by ALAS2 mutations, but evidence does not support its use for acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia in unselected patients. B6 also lowers circulating homocysteine—a recognized vascular risk factor—though B-vitamin supplementation has not consistently reduced hard cardiovascular endpoints.

• vitamin B9 (folate)Scientific

  Vitamin B9 (folate) is essential for red blood cell production and has well-established, FDA-recognized roles in blood health. Folate deficiency causes megaloblastic macrocytic anemia by impairing DNA synthesis in bone marrow precursor cells. Folate also drives the conversion of homocysteine to methionine in the blood, and elevated homocysteine is a recognized cardiovascular risk marker. Clinical supplementation with folic acid is the standard treatment for folate-deficiency anemia.

• vitamin B9 (methylfolate/5-MTHF)Scientific

  Vitamin B9 as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) is the predominant circulating form of folate and is essential for normal blood cell production. Folate deficiency impairs DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing bone marrow precursors, causing megaloblastic/macrocytic anemia and can affect white blood cell and platelet production. 5-MTHF also drives remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, thereby regulating plasma homocysteine—an established blood biomarker and cardiovascular risk factor. Clinical trials confirm that supplemental 5-MTHF is at least as effective as folic acid at raising blood folate concentrations and lowering homocysteine.

• vitamin CScientific

  Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has well-documented roles in blood health, most centrally through enhancing non-heme iron absorption in the gastrointestinal tract — a mechanism relevant to iron-deficiency anemia. It reduces ferric iron (Fe³⁺) to the more bioavailable ferrous form (Fe²⁺) and counteracts dietary absorption inhibitors such as phytates and polyphenols. Clinical evidence is strong for the mechanistic role, though randomized trials show only modest incremental benefit of adding vitamin C to oral iron therapy for established anemia. Emerging evidence also points to vitamin C's antioxidant role in preserving red blood cell integrity.

• vitamin EScientific

  Vitamin E is clinically documented to protect erythrocyte membranes from oxidative hemolysis, with evidence from trials in G6PD deficiency and beta-thalassemia. It also exerts anticoagulant effects at high doses through inhibition of platelet aggregation and vitamin K-dependent clotting factor activity.

• vitamin KScientific

  Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the gamma-carboxylation of multiple blood coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, and X) and anticoagulant proteins (protein C and protein S), directly enabling normal hemostasis. Deficiency impairs coagulation and causes bleeding disorders, most critically vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in newborns. Vitamin K supplementation is a clinically established intervention for reversing warfarin-induced over-anticoagulation and for prophylaxis against VKDB. The evidence is robust, spanning biochemical, clinical, and epidemiological studies.

• wasabiScientific

  Wasabi isothiocyanates (6-MSITC and allyl ITC) inhibit platelet aggregation induced by multiple agonists in vitro using human platelet preparations, representing genuine antiplatelet activity at the blood level. 6-MSITC also modulates endothelial cell coagulation factors. This has been studied using ex vivo human blood components.

• watercressScientific

  Human RCT evidence shows watercress significantly reduces DNA damage to lymphocytes (blood immune cells) and substantially elevates plasma antioxidant carotenoids that protect blood cell integrity. Watercress also contains significant iron and vitamin C (which enhances iron absorption), providing a documented nutritional basis for blood cell health. Traditional use for anemia is also recorded.

• watermelonScientific

  Watermelon demonstrably alters blood biochemistry: clinical trials document increases in plasma L-citrulline, L-arginine, and NO metabolites, as well as improved antioxidant capacity, reduced lipid peroxidation, and favorable changes in blood lipids (LDL, HDL, triglycerides) following regular consumption.

• wheat germScientific

  Wheat germ is a source of folate, iron, zinc, and vitamin B6—all required for healthy red blood cell production and hemoglobin synthesis. Folate deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional anemia globally. Wheat germ provides meaningful dietary amounts of both.

• wheat grassScientific

  Wheatgrass has the best human clinical evidence in blood-related conditions: multiple studies in beta-thalassemia show reduced transfusion requirements and increased fetal hemoglobin. Pilot data in chemotherapy patients show reduced hematological toxicity. The traditional claim links chlorophyll to hemoglobin support.

• yarrowScientific

  Yarrow has well-documented hemostatic and antiplatelet properties. Animal studies show significant reduction in bleeding time; traditional use as a styptic and hemostatic agent spans millennia. Antiplatelet and anti-thrombotic activity are also documented in pharmacological reviews.

• yeastScientific

  Yeast contributes to blood health through multiple nutritional mechanisms: folate (B9) from yeast is essential for red blood cell DNA synthesis and maturation; chromium modulates blood glucose levels; and yeast's B-vitamin and mineral content supports red blood cell formation. Fortified nutritional yeast provides B12 relevant to megaloblastic anemia prevention.

• zincScientific

  Zinc plays a well-documented role in erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation) through multiple molecular mechanisms, and zinc deficiency is clinically associated with anemia. Human and animal studies show zinc supplementation can improve hemoglobin levels and reduce the need for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, particularly in populations with zinc deficiency. Paradoxically, excess zinc intake can impair blood cell production by inducing copper deficiency, causing anemia and neutropenia.

• apricotTraditional

  Dried apricots are traditionally recommended to support blood health due to their non-heme iron content, which contributes to hemoglobin synthesis. Co-present vitamin C enhances iron absorption. Beta-carotene (provitamin A) may facilitate iron mobilization from hepatic stores. This is a nutritional/dietary tradition rather than a pharmacological intervention, used particularly for mild iron-deficiency states.

• asparagusTraditional

  Asparagus is traditionally used as a blood tonic and rasayana in Ayurveda. It is a rich source of folate essential for erythropoiesis, iron (relevant to red blood cell synthesis), and vitamin K (essential for coagulation). Traditional use includes asparagus for hematuria and blood conditions. Asparagus contains vitamin C which enhances iron absorption.

• assam indigoTraditional

  In TCM, S. cusia preparations are classified as 'blood-cooling' agents used for bleeding disorders (hemoptysis, epistaxis) and conditions of 'heat in the blood.' This traditional designation spans classical Chinese pharmacopeial texts over 1,400 years. Indirubin's clinical use for chronic myelocytic leukemia also constitutes a blood-system scientific link.

• barberryTraditional

  Barberry has been used as a 'blood purifier' in Persian, Ayurvedic, and European medicine for millennia, evidenced by ancient clay tablets. Modern science shows berberine reduces blood lipids, glucose, and inflammatory markers, providing a biochemical basis for traditional blood-purifying claims.

• basilTraditional

  Basil has traditional use as a haemostyptic in childbirth and for blood circulation enhancement. Basil seeds are traditionally used to improve blood circulation and reduce oxidative damage to lipoproteins (anti-atherosclerotic). The Tandfonline review documents haemostyptic use in childbirth.

• bayberryTraditional

  Bayberry has been classified in traditional herbalism as a 'blood purifier' and used for conditions involving abnormal bleeding including menorrhagia, hemorrhage, and hemorrhoids. Traditional sources describe it as stimulating blood production in weakened states. These uses are documented in folk medicine without clinical trial support.

• bee pollenTraditional

  Traditional apitherapy cites bee pollen for increasing hemoglobin, red blood cells, and benefiting pernicious anemia. Pharmacological reviews reference these hematopoietic effects. Human clinical evidence is absent, but the nutritional profile (iron, B vitamins, folate, protein) provides biological plausibility.

• bovine spleenTraditional

  Bovine spleen is exceptionally rich in heme iron (~44–45 mg per 100 g raw), making it a concentrated dietary source relevant to red blood cell formation and blood health. Traditional practices across many cultures directed spleen consumption toward blood deficiencies. Heme iron bioavailability from meat is well-established, though spleen supplement-specific RCTs are lacking.

• cassia barkTraditional

  Cassia bark is categorized in TCM as a blood-warming and blood-moving herb, used to invigorate blood circulation and address cold blood stasis. Coumarin, a major constituent of C. cassia, is a documented anticoagulant relevant to blood properties.

• dong quai rootTraditional

  Dong quai root (Angelica sinensis) has a millennia-long classification in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a primary 'blood tonic,' used to nourish and invigorate the blood, address anemia, and improve circulation. Its key constituents — ferulic acid, ligustilide, and eugenol — demonstrate antiplatelet and vasodilatory activity in preclinical models, and polysaccharide fractions show hematopoietic effects in animal studies. However, robust standalone human clinical trials validating these blood-specific effects are absent, keeping the evidence firmly in the traditional-use category.

• dulse leafTraditional

  Dulse has been used traditionally to support blood health through its high iron content (35–50 mg/100 g dried), which is relevant to red blood cell production and prevention of iron-deficiency anemia. It also contains vitamin B12, essential for red blood cell maturation, making it valued by plant-based eaters. Potassium in dulse supports plasma electrolyte composition.

• enicostemma littoraleTraditional

  E. littorale is traditionally described as a blood purifier in Ayurvedic and folk medicine in India, and this use is documented in pharmacognosy literature. The plant is also used in traditional medicine for blood-related conditions including anaemia-associated presentations. No clinical haematological trials exist.

• greek mountain teaTraditional

  GMT has traditional documentation as a supplement for anemia prevention and as a blood-strengthening tonic, reflected in its common name 'ironwort.' Multiple peer-reviewed reviews list anemia prevention as a traditional use. Antioxidant activity relevant to red blood cell protection has been demonstrated. No clinical hematological data are available.

• green chirettaTraditional

  Green chiretta is traditionally classified in Ayurveda as a 'rakta shodhana' (blood purifier). Its bitter compounds are used to clear toxins and heat from the blood. Modern preclinical evidence shows effects on haematological parameters including white blood cell counts and immunoglobulin levels.

• hedychium spicatumTraditional

  H. spicatum is traditionally classified as 'rakthashodhaka' (blood purifier) in Ayurveda and is listed for treating blood diseases in folk medicine. The systematic review by Rawat et al. (2018) documents traditional use for 'blood diseases.' The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties provide indirect scientific plausibility.

• huckleberryTraditional

  Huckleberry is traditionally associated with blood health through its iron content (for red blood cell production), vitamin C content (enhancing iron absorption), and anthocyanosides (reducing excessive bleeding and protecting capillary integrity). Traditional uses included huckleberry as a blood tonic and for managing bleeding tendencies.

• indian baelTraditional

  Traditional Indian medicine documents bael for anaemia and hematopoietic support. Pharmacological evidence shows AM extracts modulate blood glucose, HbA1c, plasma insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides in animal studies, indicating broad blood chemistry effects. Direct hematopoietic evidence is primarily traditional.

• indian sarsparillaTraditional

  Blood purification is the primary and most ancient documented use of H. indicus in Ayurveda, where it is classified as Raktashodhaka. Preclinical studies demonstrate reduction of lipid peroxides in blood and antioxidant protection of erythrocyte membranes. Traditional blood diseases including leucoderma and syphilis were classically treated with this herb.

• indian tinosporaTraditional

  T. cordifolia is classified in Ayurveda as 'Raktashodhaka' (blood purifier) and is traditionally used for blood-related disorders including anemia. Preclinical data show it raises hemoglobin and RBC counts in inflammation-associated anemia via hepcidin suppression. Leukocyte-stimulating activity has been demonstrated in human subjects (allergic rhinitis trial). Thrombolytic properties are also documented in preclinical studies.

• l-isoleucineTraditional

  Isoleucine is documented across multiple nutritional references as essential for hemoglobin synthesis, forming part of the polypeptide chains that constitute the hemoglobin tetramer. This structural role in the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells makes isoleucine relevant to blood health and recovery from blood loss. No specific human interventional trials targeting blood parameters with isoleucine supplementation have been identified.

• lycheeTraditional

  Lychee is documented in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a blood-tonifying food, with TCM Wiki recording its action as 'tonify blood' and its classification entering the Spleen and Liver meridians. Modern evidence shows lychee polyphenols influence blood-borne markers (uric acid, triglycerides, glucose, inflammatory cytokines), but no specific hematological clinical trials have been conducted with lychee.

• malabar nutTraditional

  A. vasica is documented in Ayurveda for blood disorders, and has hemostatic and thrombopoietic properties noted in traditional and pharmacological literature. Traditional uses include bleeding disorders and menorrhagia.

• momordicaTraditional

  Momordica charantia is documented in traditional medicine for blood-related conditions including anemia and blood purification. Preclinical evidence shows haematinic and antioxidant effects on blood cells. Human clinical evidence is absent.

• mulberryTraditional

  Mulberry fruit (Sang Shen) is classified in TCM as a major Blood and Yin tonic, documented for centuries for Blood deficiency patterns including pallor, dizziness, and premature greying. Mulberry fruit is rich in iron, anthocyanins, and vitamins relevant to haematopoiesis. No clinical trial confirms direct haematopoietic effects.

• nettleTraditional

  Nettle (Urtica dioica) has a well-documented traditional role as a blood tonic, used across multiple cultures to address anemia and support blood health, grounded in its content of iron, vitamin C, folate, and chlorophyll. Its leaves contain non-heme iron alongside vitamin C, which can aid iron absorption, providing a nutritional rationale for this use. However, large-scale, high-quality human clinical trials specifically investigating nettle's effects on blood parameters such as hemoglobin or hematocrit are lacking, and current scientific evidence from human studies remains insufficient to classify this relationship as scientifically validated.

• okraTraditional

  Okra has been traditionally documented for treating anemia and is recorded as a remedy in African traditional medicine for this condition. It is a dietary source of iron and folate, relevant to nutritional anemia. Okra mucilage has also been used medically as a plasma replacement and blood volume expander. Clinical trial evidence for anemia specifically is absent.

• oriental arborvitaeTraditional

  P. orientalis leaves are classified in TCM as a blood-cooling (qing re liang xue) and hematostatic herb, which is their primary TCM categorization. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia formally lists them under this category. They are prescribed for a broad range of hemorrhagic conditions including epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematemesis, uterine bleeding, and hematochezia.

• peachTraditional

  Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis is the primary traditional action attributed to peach kernel (Tao Ren) in TCM. It enters the Heart and Liver channels governing blood circulation and is the backbone of major blood-invigorating TCM formulas.

• pennycressTraditional

  Pennycress is classified as a blood tonic, blood purifier, and depurative in traditional Chinese and European medicine. It was used to 'cleanse the blood,' manage blood-borne toxic accumulation, and support blood quality. The plant was also traditionally noted for controlling profuse menstruation.

• peonyTraditional

  In TCM, white peony root is considered a primary 'blood-nourishing' herb, used to address blood deficiency syndromes including pallor, dizziness, and menstrual irregularity. Preclinical evidence shows effects on blood enrichment markers, and paeoniflorin has anticoagulative properties.

• pruneTraditional

  Prunes are a traditionally recognized source of non-heme iron, historically used to support blood health and prevent iron-deficiency anemia. Prune juice in particular is noted for iron content supporting red blood cell production. No clinical trials have specifically evaluated prune for anemia outcomes.

• pterocarpus marsupiumTraditional

  P. marsupium is traditionally used in Ayurveda for blood-related disorders including 'Raktapitta' (bleeding disorders) and 'pandu' (anemia). These are documented traditional indications without supporting clinical trials.

• punarnavaTraditional

  Punarnava is classified in Ayurveda as 'Panduhara' (remover of anemia/pale complexion) and is the principal ingredient in Punarnava Mandur, an iron-based formulation for anemia and blood disorders. A preclinical study noted an increase in total hemoglobin with B. diffusa leaf extract treatment. Traditional use as a blood purifier is documented across multiple Indian communities.

• purslaneTraditional

  Purslane is classified in TCM as having blood-cooling and hemostatic properties, traditionally used for hemorrhagic conditions including bloody dysentery, bleeding hemorrhoids, and metrorrhagia. Animal studies demonstrate hematopoietic potential of purslane extracts in anemia models. Clinical evidence for blood-specific outcomes in humans is limited.

• red cloverTraditional

  Red clover has an extensively documented traditional role as a 'blood purifier' across European, North American, and Asian herbal traditions. This concept encompassed improving blood quality and circulation, clearing toxins, and treating blood-associated skin and systemic conditions. Scientific partial support exists through the coumarin content and documented mild anticoagulant properties.

• rubia cordifoliaTraditional

  R. cordifolia is Ayurveda's premier 'Rakta shodhana' (blood purifier), described in classical texts including the Charaka Samhita as a 'supreme blood purifier that eliminates toxins from the bloodstream.' It is also used in TCM and Unani medicine for blood purification and blood detoxification. Preclinical pharmacological evidence for anti-platelet aggregation and antioxidant effects on blood constituents also exists.

• schizonepetaTraditional

  Charred Schizonepeta is a well-documented TCM hemostatic agent affecting blood coagulation. Laboratory research by Ding et al. confirmed carbonized ST shortens clotting time. The herb's antiplatelet properties via MAPK/Akt are also preclinically documented. No human hematological trials exist.

• sheep's sorrelTraditional

  Sheep's sorrel was traditionally regarded as a 'blood purifier' or depurative, used to cleanse the blood of impurities. Its high vitamin C content historically addressed scurvy-related blood fragility. No clinical evidence supports blood-related claims.

• shiitake mushroomTraditional

  In Chinese medicine, shiitake has been recorded specifically to 'nourish the blood and qi.' Ergothioneine, present in shiitake, is actively transported and concentrated in red blood cells via a dedicated transporter (OCTN1). Shiitake provides copper and B vitamins relevant to erythropoiesis. The primary basis for this relationship is traditional documentation supported by constituent biology.

• smartweedTraditional

  Smartweed is used as a styptic (blood-stopping) and hemostatic herb in multiple traditional systems, and contains vitamin K supporting coagulation. Rutin strengthens capillary walls to prevent bleeding. Traditional use for bleeding disorders, including 'piles and bleeding,' is well-documented.

• smilaxTraditional

  Sarsaparilla's reputation as a 'blood purifier' is one of its oldest and most cross-cultural traditional uses. Modernly, this is interpreted as endotoxin-binding and reduction of circulating bacterial toxins, with supporting mechanistic evidence for endotoxin clearance via gut-saponin binding.

• stillingiaTraditional

  Stillingia was one of the most prominent 'blood purifiers' in 19th-century American herbal medicine. Its role as an alterative acting on blood quality was central to its Eclectic use for syphilis, chronic skin disease, and scrofula. No clinical hematological evidence exists.

• swertiaTraditional

  Swertia chirayita is extensively used in Ayurvedic tradition as a blood purifier (rakta-shodhana), and is documented for blood purification and anemia management. Iron content detected by elemental analysis provides a nutritional basis. No clinical hematological studies are available.

• triphalaTraditional

  Triphala is traditionally described as promoting red blood cell production and increasing hemoglobin levels in Ayurvedic medicine. It is used for anemia (Pandu) in classical texts. Green-synthesized Triphala nanoparticles have been shown to stabilize red blood cell membranes in vitro. Human trial data for hematological endpoints are lacking.